Acknowledgments
We like to acknowledge Marion Gru ¨be, Claudia Ko ¨pnick, Myroslava Rubtsova, and Doris Bu ¨chner for technical support and critical comments on the manuscript.
References
1. Reed BM (2001) Implementing cryogenic
storage of clonally propagated plants. CryoLetters 22:97–104
2. Bhatia S (2015) Plant tissue culture. In:
Bhatia S, Sharma K, Dahiya R, Bera T (eds)
Modern applications of plant biotechnology
in pharmaceutical sciences. Academic, Boston,
pp 31–107
3. Panis B (2019) Sixty years of plant cryopreservation: from freezing hardy mulberry twigs to
establishing reference crop collections for
future generations. In: 2019 International
Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS), Leuven, Belgium, pp 1–8
4. Niino T, Arizaga MV (2015) Cryopreservation
for preservation of potato genetic resources.
Breed Sci 65:41–52
5. Ko ¨pnick C, Gru ¨be M, Stock J, Senula A, Mock
H-P, Nagel M (2018) Changes of soluble
sugars and ATP content during DMSO droplet
freezing and PVS3 droplet vitrification of
potato shoot tips. Cryobiology 85:79–86
6. Vollmer R, Villagaray R, Egusquiza V,
Espirilla J, Garcia M, Torres A, Rojas E,
Panta A, Barkley NA, Ellis D (2016) The
potato cryobank at the International Potato
Center (CIP): a model for long term conservation of clonal plant genetic resources collections of the future. CryoLetters 37:318–329
7. Sakai A (2004) Plant cryopreservation. In:
Fuller B, Lane N, Benson EE (eds) Life in the
frozen state. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
8. Towill LE, Bonnart R (2003) Cracking in a
vitrification solution during cooling or warming does not effect growth of cryopreserved
mint shoot tips. CryoLetters 24:341–346
9. Sakai A, Kobayashi S, Oiyama I (1990) Cryopreservation of nucellar cells of navel orange
(Citrus sinensis Osb. var. brasiliensis Tanaka)
by vitrification. Plant Cell Rep 9:30–33
10. Nishizawa S, Sakai A, Amano Y, Matsuzawa T
(1993) Cryopreservation of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L) embryogenic suspension cells
and subsequent plant regeneration by vitrification. Plant Sci 91:67–73
11. Volk GM, Walters C (2006) Plant vitrification
solution 2 lowers water content and alters
freezing behavior in shoot tips during cryprotection. Cryobiology 52:48–61
12. Yamashita Y, Kinoshita K, Yamazaki M (2000)
Low concentration of DMSO stabilizes the
bilayer gel phase rather than the interdigitated
gel phase in dihexadecylphosphatidylcholine
membrane.
Biochim
Biophys
Acta
1467:395–405
13. Xia Y, Park Y-D, Mu H, Zhou H-M, Wang
X-Y, Meng F-G (2007) The protective effects
of osmolytes on arginine kinase unfolding and
aggregation. Int J Biol Macromol 40:437–443
14. Siow LF, Rades T, Lim MH (2008) Cryoresponses of two types of large unilamellar vesicles in the presence of non-permeable or permeable cryoprotecting agents. Cryobiology
57:276–285
15. Pollock K, Samsonraj RM, Dudakovic A,
Thaler R, Stumbras A, McKenna DH, Dosa
PI, van Wijnen AJ, Hubel A (2017) Improved
post-thaw function and epigenetic changes in
mesenchymal stromal cells cryopreserved using
multicomponent osmolyte solutions. Stem
Cells Dev 26:828–842
16. Kaczmarczyk A, Rutten T, Melzer M, Keller E
(2008) Ultrastructural changes associated with
cryopreservation of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) shoot tips. CryoLetters 29:145–156
17. Kaczmarczyk A, Houben A, Keller ERJ, Mette
MF (2010) Influence of cryopreservation on
the cytosine methylation state of potato genomic DNA. CryoLetters 31:380–391
18. Senula A, Bu ¨chner D, Keller ERJ, Nagel M
(2018) An improved cryopreservation protocol
for Mentha spp. based on PVS3 as the cryoprotectant. CryoLetters 39:345–353
19. Stock J, Senula A, Nagel M, Mock H-P, Keller
ERJ (2017) A simple method for shoot tip
cryopreservation of Arabidopsis genotypes.
CryoLetters 38:364–371
20. Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised
medium for rapid growth and bio assays with
660
Angelika Senula and Manuela Nagel
We like to acknowledge Marion Gru ¨be, Claudia Ko ¨pnick, Myroslava Rubtsova, and Doris Bu ¨chner for technical support and critical comments on the manuscript.
References
1. Reed BM (2001) Implementing cryogenic
storage of clonally propagated plants. CryoLetters 22:97–104
2. Bhatia S (2015) Plant tissue culture. In:
Bhatia S, Sharma K, Dahiya R, Bera T (eds)
Modern applications of plant biotechnology
in pharmaceutical sciences. Academic, Boston,
pp 31–107
3. Panis B (2019) Sixty years of plant cryopreservation: from freezing hardy mulberry twigs to
establishing reference crop collections for
future generations. In: 2019 International
Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS), Leuven, Belgium, pp 1–8
4. Niino T, Arizaga MV (2015) Cryopreservation
for preservation of potato genetic resources.
Breed Sci 65:41–52
5. Ko ¨pnick C, Gru ¨be M, Stock J, Senula A, Mock
H-P, Nagel M (2018) Changes of soluble
sugars and ATP content during DMSO droplet
freezing and PVS3 droplet vitrification of
potato shoot tips. Cryobiology 85:79–86
6. Vollmer R, Villagaray R, Egusquiza V,
Espirilla J, Garcia M, Torres A, Rojas E,
Panta A, Barkley NA, Ellis D (2016) The
potato cryobank at the International Potato
Center (CIP): a model for long term conservation of clonal plant genetic resources collections of the future. CryoLetters 37:318–329
7. Sakai A (2004) Plant cryopreservation. In:
Fuller B, Lane N, Benson EE (eds) Life in the
frozen state. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
8. Towill LE, Bonnart R (2003) Cracking in a
vitrification solution during cooling or warming does not effect growth of cryopreserved
mint shoot tips. CryoLetters 24:341–346
9. Sakai A, Kobayashi S, Oiyama I (1990) Cryopreservation of nucellar cells of navel orange
(Citrus sinensis Osb. var. brasiliensis Tanaka)
by vitrification. Plant Cell Rep 9:30–33
10. Nishizawa S, Sakai A, Amano Y, Matsuzawa T
(1993) Cryopreservation of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L) embryogenic suspension cells
and subsequent plant regeneration by vitrification. Plant Sci 91:67–73
11. Volk GM, Walters C (2006) Plant vitrification
solution 2 lowers water content and alters
freezing behavior in shoot tips during cryprotection. Cryobiology 52:48–61
12. Yamashita Y, Kinoshita K, Yamazaki M (2000)
Low concentration of DMSO stabilizes the
bilayer gel phase rather than the interdigitated
gel phase in dihexadecylphosphatidylcholine
membrane.
Biochim
Biophys
Acta
1467:395–405
13. Xia Y, Park Y-D, Mu H, Zhou H-M, Wang
X-Y, Meng F-G (2007) The protective effects
of osmolytes on arginine kinase unfolding and
aggregation. Int J Biol Macromol 40:437–443
14. Siow LF, Rades T, Lim MH (2008) Cryoresponses of two types of large unilamellar vesicles in the presence of non-permeable or permeable cryoprotecting agents. Cryobiology
57:276–285
15. Pollock K, Samsonraj RM, Dudakovic A,
Thaler R, Stumbras A, McKenna DH, Dosa
PI, van Wijnen AJ, Hubel A (2017) Improved
post-thaw function and epigenetic changes in
mesenchymal stromal cells cryopreserved using
multicomponent osmolyte solutions. Stem
Cells Dev 26:828–842
16. Kaczmarczyk A, Rutten T, Melzer M, Keller E
(2008) Ultrastructural changes associated with
cryopreservation of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) shoot tips. CryoLetters 29:145–156
17. Kaczmarczyk A, Houben A, Keller ERJ, Mette
MF (2010) Influence of cryopreservation on
the cytosine methylation state of potato genomic DNA. CryoLetters 31:380–391
18. Senula A, Bu ¨chner D, Keller ERJ, Nagel M
(2018) An improved cryopreservation protocol
for Mentha spp. based on PVS3 as the cryoprotectant. CryoLetters 39:345–353
19. Stock J, Senula A, Nagel M, Mock H-P, Keller
ERJ (2017) A simple method for shoot tip
cryopreservation of Arabidopsis genotypes.
CryoLetters 38:364–371
20. Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised
medium for rapid growth and bio assays with
660
Angelika Senula and Manuela Nagel