11. Fraga CG, Motchnik PA, Shigenaga MK, Helbock HJ, Jacob RA, Ames BN (1991) Ascorbic
acid protects against endogenous oxidative
DNA damage in human sperm. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 88:11003–11006
12. Hammerstedt RH, Graham JK (1992) Cryopreservation of poultry sperm: the enigma of
glycerol. Cryobiology 29:26–38
13. Mossad H, Morshedi M, Toner JP, Oehninger
S (1994) Impact of cryopreservation on spermatozoa from infertile men: implications for
artificial insemination. Arch Androl 33:51–57
14. Petrunkina AM (2007) Fundamental aspects of
gamete cryobiology. J Reprod Med Endocrinol
4:78–91
15. Gilmore JA, Liu J, Gao DY, Critser JK (1997)
Determination of optimal cryoprotectants and
procedures for their addition and removal from
human
spermatozoa.
Hum
Reprod
12:112–118
16. Chen Y, Li L, Qian Y, Xu C, Zhu Y, Huang H,
Jin F, Ye Y (2015) Small-volume vitrification
for human spermatozoa in the absence of cryoprotectants by using cryotop. Andrologia
47:694–699
17. Isachenko V, Maettner R, Petrunkina AM,
Sterzik K, Mallmann P, Rahimi G, Isachenko
E (2012) Vitrification of human ICSI/IVF
spermatozoa without cryoprotectants: new
capillary technology. J Androl 33:462–468
18. Isachenko E, Isachenko V, Katkov II,
Dessole S, Nawroth F (2003) Vitrification of
mammalian spermatozoa in the absence of
cryoprotectants: from past practical difficulties
to present success. Reprod Biomed Online
6:191–200
19. Isachenko V, Isachenko E, Montag M,
Zaeva V, Krivokharchenko I, Nawroth F, van
der Ven H (2005) Clean technique for
cryoprotectant-free vitrification of human spermatozoa. Reprod Biomed Online 10:350–354
20. Baert Y, Van Saen D, Haentjens P, In’t Veld P,
Tournaye H, Goossens E (2013) What is the
best cryopreservation protocol for human testicular tissue banking? Hum Reprod
28:1816–1826
21. Zhu J, Jin RT, Wu LM, Johansson L, Guo TH,
Liu YS, Tong XH (2014) Cryoprotectant-free
ultra-rapid freezing of human spermatozoa in
cryogenic vials. Andrologia 46:642–649
22. Sa ´nchez R, Risopatro ´ n J, Schulz M, Villegas
JV, Isachenko V, Isachenko E (2012) Vitrified
sperm banks: the new aseptic technique for
human spermatozoa allows cryopreservation
at À86
C. Andrologia 44:433–435
23. Agha-Rahimi A, Khalili MA, Nottola SA,
Miglietta S, Moradi A (2016) Cryoprotectantfree vitrification of human spermatozoa in new
artificial
seminal
fluid.
Andrology
4:1037–1044
24. Isachenko V, Rahimi G, Mallmann P,
Sanchez R, Isachenko E (2017) Technologies
of cryoprotectant-free vitrification of human
spermatozoa: asepticity as criterion of effectiveness. Andrology 5:1055–1063
25. Satirapod C, Treetampinich C, Weerakiet S,
Wongkularb A, Rattanasiri S, Choktanasiri W
(2012) Comparison of cryopreserved human
sperm from solid surface vitrification and standard vapor freezing method: on motility, morphology, vitality and DNA integrity.
Andrologia 44(Suppl 1):786–790
26. Arav A, Natan Y (2013) Vitrification of
oocytes: from basic science to clinical application. In: Kim SS (ed) Oocyte biology in fertility
preservation. Springer, New York, pp 69–83
27. Bielanski A (2012) A review of the risk of contamination of semen and embryos during cryopreservation and measures to limit crosscontamination during banking to prevent disease transmission in et practices. Theriogenology 77:467–482
28. Bielanski A, Vajta G (2009) Risk of contamination of germplasm during cryopreservation and
cryobanking in IVF units. Hum Reprod
24:2457–2467
29. Vajta G, Rienzi L, Ubaldi FM (2015) Open
versus closed systems for vitrification of
human oocytes and embryos. Reprod Biomed
Online 30:325–333
30. Tomlinson M (2008) Risk management in
cryopreservation associated with assisted reproduction. CryoLetters 29:165–174
31. Stanger J, Wong J, Conceicao J, Yovich J
(2012) Vitrification of human embryos previously cryostored by either slow freezing or
vitrification results in high pregnancy rates.
Reprod Biomed Online 24:314–320
32. Hansen LJJ, Daoussi R, Vervaet C, Remon JP,
De Beer TRM (2015) Freeze-drying of live
virus vaccines: a review. Vaccine 33:5507–5519
33. Stringfellow DA, Wolfe DF, McGuire JA,
Lauerman LH, Gray BW, Sparling PH (1986)
Effects of embryo-freezing and thawing techniques on the survivability of Brucellaabortus.
Theriogenology 26:553–559
34. Polo L, Man ˜es-La ´zaro R, Olmeda I, Cruz-Pio
LE, Medina A ´ , Ferrer S, Pardo I (2017) Influence of freezing temperatures prior to freezedrying on viability of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria isolated from wine. J Appl Microbiol
122:1603–1614
35. Bermudez V, Miller RB, Johnson W,
Rosendal S, Ruhnke L (1988) Effect of sample
Vitrification of Human Spermatozoa in Sterile Liquid Air
435
acid protects against endogenous oxidative
DNA damage in human sperm. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 88:11003–11006
12. Hammerstedt RH, Graham JK (1992) Cryopreservation of poultry sperm: the enigma of
glycerol. Cryobiology 29:26–38
13. Mossad H, Morshedi M, Toner JP, Oehninger
S (1994) Impact of cryopreservation on spermatozoa from infertile men: implications for
artificial insemination. Arch Androl 33:51–57
14. Petrunkina AM (2007) Fundamental aspects of
gamete cryobiology. J Reprod Med Endocrinol
4:78–91
15. Gilmore JA, Liu J, Gao DY, Critser JK (1997)
Determination of optimal cryoprotectants and
procedures for their addition and removal from
human
spermatozoa.
Hum
Reprod
12:112–118
16. Chen Y, Li L, Qian Y, Xu C, Zhu Y, Huang H,
Jin F, Ye Y (2015) Small-volume vitrification
for human spermatozoa in the absence of cryoprotectants by using cryotop. Andrologia
47:694–699
17. Isachenko V, Maettner R, Petrunkina AM,
Sterzik K, Mallmann P, Rahimi G, Isachenko
E (2012) Vitrification of human ICSI/IVF
spermatozoa without cryoprotectants: new
capillary technology. J Androl 33:462–468
18. Isachenko E, Isachenko V, Katkov II,
Dessole S, Nawroth F (2003) Vitrification of
mammalian spermatozoa in the absence of
cryoprotectants: from past practical difficulties
to present success. Reprod Biomed Online
6:191–200
19. Isachenko V, Isachenko E, Montag M,
Zaeva V, Krivokharchenko I, Nawroth F, van
der Ven H (2005) Clean technique for
cryoprotectant-free vitrification of human spermatozoa. Reprod Biomed Online 10:350–354
20. Baert Y, Van Saen D, Haentjens P, In’t Veld P,
Tournaye H, Goossens E (2013) What is the
best cryopreservation protocol for human testicular tissue banking? Hum Reprod
28:1816–1826
21. Zhu J, Jin RT, Wu LM, Johansson L, Guo TH,
Liu YS, Tong XH (2014) Cryoprotectant-free
ultra-rapid freezing of human spermatozoa in
cryogenic vials. Andrologia 46:642–649
22. Sa ´nchez R, Risopatro ´ n J, Schulz M, Villegas
JV, Isachenko V, Isachenko E (2012) Vitrified
sperm banks: the new aseptic technique for
human spermatozoa allows cryopreservation
at À86
C. Andrologia 44:433–435
23. Agha-Rahimi A, Khalili MA, Nottola SA,
Miglietta S, Moradi A (2016) Cryoprotectantfree vitrification of human spermatozoa in new
artificial
seminal
fluid.
Andrology
4:1037–1044
24. Isachenko V, Rahimi G, Mallmann P,
Sanchez R, Isachenko E (2017) Technologies
of cryoprotectant-free vitrification of human
spermatozoa: asepticity as criterion of effectiveness. Andrology 5:1055–1063
25. Satirapod C, Treetampinich C, Weerakiet S,
Wongkularb A, Rattanasiri S, Choktanasiri W
(2012) Comparison of cryopreserved human
sperm from solid surface vitrification and standard vapor freezing method: on motility, morphology, vitality and DNA integrity.
Andrologia 44(Suppl 1):786–790
26. Arav A, Natan Y (2013) Vitrification of
oocytes: from basic science to clinical application. In: Kim SS (ed) Oocyte biology in fertility
preservation. Springer, New York, pp 69–83
27. Bielanski A (2012) A review of the risk of contamination of semen and embryos during cryopreservation and measures to limit crosscontamination during banking to prevent disease transmission in et practices. Theriogenology 77:467–482
28. Bielanski A, Vajta G (2009) Risk of contamination of germplasm during cryopreservation and
cryobanking in IVF units. Hum Reprod
24:2457–2467
29. Vajta G, Rienzi L, Ubaldi FM (2015) Open
versus closed systems for vitrification of
human oocytes and embryos. Reprod Biomed
Online 30:325–333
30. Tomlinson M (2008) Risk management in
cryopreservation associated with assisted reproduction. CryoLetters 29:165–174
31. Stanger J, Wong J, Conceicao J, Yovich J
(2012) Vitrification of human embryos previously cryostored by either slow freezing or
vitrification results in high pregnancy rates.
Reprod Biomed Online 24:314–320
32. Hansen LJJ, Daoussi R, Vervaet C, Remon JP,
De Beer TRM (2015) Freeze-drying of live
virus vaccines: a review. Vaccine 33:5507–5519
33. Stringfellow DA, Wolfe DF, McGuire JA,
Lauerman LH, Gray BW, Sparling PH (1986)
Effects of embryo-freezing and thawing techniques on the survivability of Brucellaabortus.
Theriogenology 26:553–559
34. Polo L, Man ˜es-La ´zaro R, Olmeda I, Cruz-Pio
LE, Medina A ´ , Ferrer S, Pardo I (2017) Influence of freezing temperatures prior to freezedrying on viability of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria isolated from wine. J Appl Microbiol
122:1603–1614
35. Bermudez V, Miller RB, Johnson W,
Rosendal S, Ruhnke L (1988) Effect of sample
Vitrification of Human Spermatozoa in Sterile Liquid Air
435