4 Notes
1. A method for non-detrimental sea urchin sex differentiation
can be found in [31].
2. Information about methods for H. forskali spawning and fertilization is available in Santos et al. [32].
3. There is always sperm activation due to inter-valval seawater,
but the concentration is maximized.
4. Related information: Spawning can be conducted by thermal
cycling. Mussels can be placed on a PVC container and spawning triggered by changes in seawater temperate from 20
C to
4
C in several cycles.
5. More information on Portuguese oyster sperm cryopreservation can be found in Riesco et al. [22, 33].
6. More information on P. lividus embryo cryopreservation can
be found in [34]. For information of the existing protocols for
other species of sea urchins, see Paredes et al. [34, 35].
7. More information on mussel larvae cryopreservation is available in [17, 36, 37]. Spawning can be provoked by thermal
cycling. Mussels can be placed in a PVC container and spawning triggered by changes in water temperate from 20
C to 4
C
in several cycles.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by funding from the European Union’s
Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, project Assemble
+ (No. 730984) and Venus POCTEP (0135_venus_5_E). C.A. and
P.H. were supported by FCT SFRH/ BD/130910/2017 and
Predoc Xunta de Galicia (2018) grants respectively. Authors
would like to acknowledge I. Probert for his contribution.
References
1. Mermillod-Blondin F, Franc ¸oise-Carcaillet F,
Rosenberg R (2005) Biodiversity of benthic
invertebrates and organic matter processing in
shallow marine sediments: an experimental
study. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 315:187–209
2. Food and Agricultural Organization of the
United Nations (FAO) (2017). http://www.
fao.org/fishery/statistics/en
3. Krisfalusi-Gannon J, Ali W, Dellinger K,
Robertson L, Brady TE, Goddard MKM,
Tinker-Kulberg R, Kepley CL, Dellinger AL
(2018) The role of horseshoe crabs in the biomedical industry and recent trends impacting
species sustainability. Front Mar Sci 5:185
4. Poon J, Fries A, Wessel GM, Yajima M (2019)
Evolutionary modification of AGS protein contributes to formation of micromeres in sea
urchins. Nat Commun 10:3779
5. Clark GF, Johnston EL (2011) Temporal
change in the diversity - invasibility relationship
in the presence of a disturbance regime. Ecol
Lett 14:52–57
6. Lawrence JM (ed) (2007) The edible
sea-urchins: biology and ecology, vol 38. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp 1–380
7. McKenzie CL, Burrell VG, Rosenfield A,
Hobart WL (eds) (1997) The history, present
Cryopreservation of Marine Invertebrates
423
1. A method for non-detrimental sea urchin sex differentiation
can be found in [31].
2. Information about methods for H. forskali spawning and fertilization is available in Santos et al. [32].
3. There is always sperm activation due to inter-valval seawater,
but the concentration is maximized.
4. Related information: Spawning can be conducted by thermal
cycling. Mussels can be placed on a PVC container and spawning triggered by changes in seawater temperate from 20
C to
4
C in several cycles.
5. More information on Portuguese oyster sperm cryopreservation can be found in Riesco et al. [22, 33].
6. More information on P. lividus embryo cryopreservation can
be found in [34]. For information of the existing protocols for
other species of sea urchins, see Paredes et al. [34, 35].
7. More information on mussel larvae cryopreservation is available in [17, 36, 37]. Spawning can be provoked by thermal
cycling. Mussels can be placed in a PVC container and spawning triggered by changes in water temperate from 20
C to 4
C
in several cycles.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by funding from the European Union’s
Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, project Assemble
+ (No. 730984) and Venus POCTEP (0135_venus_5_E). C.A. and
P.H. were supported by FCT SFRH/ BD/130910/2017 and
Predoc Xunta de Galicia (2018) grants respectively. Authors
would like to acknowledge I. Probert for his contribution.
References
1. Mermillod-Blondin F, Franc ¸oise-Carcaillet F,
Rosenberg R (2005) Biodiversity of benthic
invertebrates and organic matter processing in
shallow marine sediments: an experimental
study. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 315:187–209
2. Food and Agricultural Organization of the
United Nations (FAO) (2017). http://www.
fao.org/fishery/statistics/en
3. Krisfalusi-Gannon J, Ali W, Dellinger K,
Robertson L, Brady TE, Goddard MKM,
Tinker-Kulberg R, Kepley CL, Dellinger AL
(2018) The role of horseshoe crabs in the biomedical industry and recent trends impacting
species sustainability. Front Mar Sci 5:185
4. Poon J, Fries A, Wessel GM, Yajima M (2019)
Evolutionary modification of AGS protein contributes to formation of micromeres in sea
urchins. Nat Commun 10:3779
5. Clark GF, Johnston EL (2011) Temporal
change in the diversity - invasibility relationship
in the presence of a disturbance regime. Ecol
Lett 14:52–57
6. Lawrence JM (ed) (2007) The edible
sea-urchins: biology and ecology, vol 38. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp 1–380
7. McKenzie CL, Burrell VG, Rosenfield A,
Hobart WL (eds) (1997) The history, present
Cryopreservation of Marine Invertebrates
423