embryos. Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl
62:277–291
371. Nagashima H, Hiruma K, Saito H, Tomii R,
Ueno S, Nakayama N, Matsunari H, Kurome
M (2007) Production of live piglets following
cryopreservation of embryos derived from
in vitro-matured oocytes. Biol Reprod
76:900–905
372. Beeb LF, Cameron RD, Blackshaw AW,
Higgins A, Nottle MB (2002) Piglets born
from centrifuged and vitrified early and perihatching
blastocysts.
Theriogenology
57:2155–2165
373. Pickering SJ, Johnson MH (1987) The influence of cooling on the organization of the
meiotic spindle of the mouse oocyte. Hum
Reprod 2:207–216
374. Wang WH, Meng L, Hackett RJ,
Odenbourg R, Keefe DL (2001) Limited
recovery of meiotic spindles in living human
oocytes after cooling-rewarming observed
using polarized light microscopy. Hum
Reprod 16:2374–2378
375. Yang D, Winslow KL, Nguyen K, Duffy D,
Freeman M, Al-Shawaf T (2010) Comparison
of selected cryoprotective agents to stabilize
meiotic spindles of human oocytes during
cooling. J Exp Clin Assist Reprod 7:4
376. Mandelbaum J, Anastasiou O, Levy R, Guerin
J-F, de Larouziere V, Antoine JM (2004)
Effects of cryopreservation on the meiotic
spindle of human oocytes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 113(Suppl 1):S17–S23
377. McGrath JJ (1989) Protecting biological
material against chilling injury, in European
Patent Office
378. Fahy GM (2007) Hypertonic reduction of
chilling injury, USPTO, 21st century medicine, Inc.: United States
379. Rowe AW (1987) Sixteen year cryogenic storage of blood frozen by droplet freezing technique and a low glycerol-rapid freeze
procedure. In: Proc XVII Intern Congress
Refrigeration. Internatl Inst Refrigeration,
Paris, pp 135–140
380. Valeri CR, Pivacek LE (1996) Effects of the
temperature, the duration of frozen storage,
and the freezing container on in vitro measurements in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Transfusion 36:303–308
381. Valeri CR, Pivacek LE, Gray AD, Cassidy GP,
Leavy ME, Dennis RC, Melaragno AJ,
Niehoff J, Yeston N, Emerson CP, Altschule
MD (1989) The safety and therapeutic effectiveness of human red cells stored at -80
C for
as long as 21 years. Transfusion 29:429–437
382. Song YC, Li CY, Lightfoot FG, Boggs JM,
Greene ED, Taylor MJ, Chen ZZ, Brockbank
KGM (2002) Stability of vitrified tissues in
the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen. Cryobiology 45:243
383. Sun WQ, Leopold AC, Crowe LM, Crowe JH
(1996) Stability of dry liposomes in sugar
glasses. Biophys J 70:1769–1776
384. Walters C (2004) Temperature dependency of
molecular mobility in preserved seeds. Biophys J 86:1253–1258
385. Walters C (2004) Longevity of cryogenically
stored seeds. Cryobiology 48:229–244
386. Shamblin SL, Tang X, Chang LJ, Hancock
BC, Pikal MJ (1999) Characterization of the
time scales of molecular motion in pharmacologically important glasses. J Phys Chem B
103:4113–4121
387. Ashwood-Smith MJ, Grant E (1977) Genetic
stability in cellular systems in the frozen state.
In: Elliott K, Whelan J (eds) The freezing of
mammalian embryos. Elsevier/Excepta Medica, North-Holland Amsterdam, pp 251–267
388. Lyon MF, Glenister PH, Whittingham DG
(1981) Long-term viability of embryos stored
under irradiation. In: Zeilmaker GH
(ed) Frozen storage of laboratory animals.
Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp 139–147
389. Fink AL (1979) Enzyme-catalyzed reactions
in unfrozen, noncellular systems at subzero
temperatures. In: Fennema O (ed) Proteins
at low temperatures. American Chemical
Society, Washington, DC, pp 35–54
390. Douzou P (1977) Cryobiochemistry, an
introduction. Academic Press, New York
391. Brandts JF, Fu J, Nordin JH (1970) The low
temperature denaturation of chymotrypsinogen in aqueous solution and in frozen aqueous solution. In: Wolstenholme GEW,
O’Connor M (eds) The frozen cell. J & A
Churchill, London, pp 189–209
392. Dias CL, Ala-Nissila T, Wong-ekkabut J,
Vattulainen I, Grant M, Karttunen M
(2010) The hydrophobic effect and its role
in cold denaturation. Cryobiology 60:91–99
393. Lopez CF, Darst RK, Rossky PJ (2008)
Mechanistic elements of protein cold denaturation. J Phys Chem B 112:5961–5967
394. Fennema O (1979) Proteins at low temperatures. In: Comstock MJ (ed) Advances in
chemistry, vol 180. American Chemical Society, Washington
Principles of Vitrification
97
62:277–291
371. Nagashima H, Hiruma K, Saito H, Tomii R,
Ueno S, Nakayama N, Matsunari H, Kurome
M (2007) Production of live piglets following
cryopreservation of embryos derived from
in vitro-matured oocytes. Biol Reprod
76:900–905
372. Beeb LF, Cameron RD, Blackshaw AW,
Higgins A, Nottle MB (2002) Piglets born
from centrifuged and vitrified early and perihatching
blastocysts.
Theriogenology
57:2155–2165
373. Pickering SJ, Johnson MH (1987) The influence of cooling on the organization of the
meiotic spindle of the mouse oocyte. Hum
Reprod 2:207–216
374. Wang WH, Meng L, Hackett RJ,
Odenbourg R, Keefe DL (2001) Limited
recovery of meiotic spindles in living human
oocytes after cooling-rewarming observed
using polarized light microscopy. Hum
Reprod 16:2374–2378
375. Yang D, Winslow KL, Nguyen K, Duffy D,
Freeman M, Al-Shawaf T (2010) Comparison
of selected cryoprotective agents to stabilize
meiotic spindles of human oocytes during
cooling. J Exp Clin Assist Reprod 7:4
376. Mandelbaum J, Anastasiou O, Levy R, Guerin
J-F, de Larouziere V, Antoine JM (2004)
Effects of cryopreservation on the meiotic
spindle of human oocytes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 113(Suppl 1):S17–S23
377. McGrath JJ (1989) Protecting biological
material against chilling injury, in European
Patent Office
378. Fahy GM (2007) Hypertonic reduction of
chilling injury, USPTO, 21st century medicine, Inc.: United States
379. Rowe AW (1987) Sixteen year cryogenic storage of blood frozen by droplet freezing technique and a low glycerol-rapid freeze
procedure. In: Proc XVII Intern Congress
Refrigeration. Internatl Inst Refrigeration,
Paris, pp 135–140
380. Valeri CR, Pivacek LE (1996) Effects of the
temperature, the duration of frozen storage,
and the freezing container on in vitro measurements in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Transfusion 36:303–308
381. Valeri CR, Pivacek LE, Gray AD, Cassidy GP,
Leavy ME, Dennis RC, Melaragno AJ,
Niehoff J, Yeston N, Emerson CP, Altschule
MD (1989) The safety and therapeutic effectiveness of human red cells stored at -80
C for
as long as 21 years. Transfusion 29:429–437
382. Song YC, Li CY, Lightfoot FG, Boggs JM,
Greene ED, Taylor MJ, Chen ZZ, Brockbank
KGM (2002) Stability of vitrified tissues in
the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen. Cryobiology 45:243
383. Sun WQ, Leopold AC, Crowe LM, Crowe JH
(1996) Stability of dry liposomes in sugar
glasses. Biophys J 70:1769–1776
384. Walters C (2004) Temperature dependency of
molecular mobility in preserved seeds. Biophys J 86:1253–1258
385. Walters C (2004) Longevity of cryogenically
stored seeds. Cryobiology 48:229–244
386. Shamblin SL, Tang X, Chang LJ, Hancock
BC, Pikal MJ (1999) Characterization of the
time scales of molecular motion in pharmacologically important glasses. J Phys Chem B
103:4113–4121
387. Ashwood-Smith MJ, Grant E (1977) Genetic
stability in cellular systems in the frozen state.
In: Elliott K, Whelan J (eds) The freezing of
mammalian embryos. Elsevier/Excepta Medica, North-Holland Amsterdam, pp 251–267
388. Lyon MF, Glenister PH, Whittingham DG
(1981) Long-term viability of embryos stored
under irradiation. In: Zeilmaker GH
(ed) Frozen storage of laboratory animals.
Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp 139–147
389. Fink AL (1979) Enzyme-catalyzed reactions
in unfrozen, noncellular systems at subzero
temperatures. In: Fennema O (ed) Proteins
at low temperatures. American Chemical
Society, Washington, DC, pp 35–54
390. Douzou P (1977) Cryobiochemistry, an
introduction. Academic Press, New York
391. Brandts JF, Fu J, Nordin JH (1970) The low
temperature denaturation of chymotrypsinogen in aqueous solution and in frozen aqueous solution. In: Wolstenholme GEW,
O’Connor M (eds) The frozen cell. J & A
Churchill, London, pp 189–209
392. Dias CL, Ala-Nissila T, Wong-ekkabut J,
Vattulainen I, Grant M, Karttunen M
(2010) The hydrophobic effect and its role
in cold denaturation. Cryobiology 60:91–99
393. Lopez CF, Darst RK, Rossky PJ (2008)
Mechanistic elements of protein cold denaturation. J Phys Chem B 112:5961–5967
394. Fennema O (1979) Proteins at low temperatures. In: Comstock MJ (ed) Advances in
chemistry, vol 180. American Chemical Society, Washington
Principles of Vitrification
97