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34. H. Chinen, K. Mawatari, Y. Pihosh, K. Morikawa, Y. Kazoe, T. Tsukahara, T. Kitamori,
Enhancement of proton mobility in extended-nanospace channels. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
51, 3573–3577 (2012)
35. X. Ling, M. Bonn, K.F. Domke, S.H. Parekh, Correlated interfacial water transport and proton
conductivity in perfluorosulfonic acid membranes. PNAS 116, 8715–8720 (2019)
36. M. Prats, J. Teissié, J.-F. Tocanne, Lateral proton conduction at lipid-water interfaces and its
implications for the chemiosmotic-coupling hypothesis. Nature 1986(322), 756–758 (1986)
37. J. R. Macdonald, C. A. Barlow (Jr), Theory of double-layer differential capacitance in electrolytes. J. Chem. Phys. 36, 3062–3080 (1962)
38. H. Helmholtz, Ueber einige Gesetze der Vertheilung elektrischer Ströme in körperlichen Leitern
mit Anwendung auf die thierisch-elektrischen Versuche. Annalen der Physik und Chemie 165,
211–233 (1853)
39. H. Volland, Atmospheric Electrodynamics (Springer, Berlin, 1984)
40. J.A. Anderson, E. Rosenfeld, Neurocomputing: Foundations of Research (The MIT Press,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1988)
41. V.G. Artemov, E. Uykur, P.O. Kapralov, A. Kiselev, K. Stevenson, H. Ouerdane, M. Dressel,
Anomalously high proton conduction of interfacial water. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11, 3623–3628
(2020)
42. V.G. Artemov, E. Uykur, S. Roh, A.V. Pronin, H. Ouerdane, M. Dressel, Revealing excess
protons in the infrared spectrum of liquid water. Sci. Rep. 10, 11320–9 (2020)
43. M.A. Uman, The Earth and its atmosphere as a leaky spherical capacitor. Am. J. Phys. 42,
1033–1035 (1974)
44. H.R. Carlon, Ion content of air humidified by boiling water. J. Appl. Phys. 51, 171–173 (1980)
45. M.R. Pruppacher, J.D. Klett, Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, 2nd edn. (Springer,
Berlin, 2010)
46. A.N. Aufdermauer, D.A. Johnson, Charge separation due to riming in an electric field. Q. J. R.
Meteorol. Soc. 98, 369–382 (1972)
47. I.N. Sokolik, O.B. Toon, Incorporation of mineralogical composition into models of the radiative properties of mineral aerosol from UV to IR wavelengths. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 9423–9444
(1999)
48. R. Wagner, A. Kiselev, O. Moehler, H. Saathoff, I. Steinke, Pre-activation of ice-nucleating
particles by the pore condensation and freezing mechanism. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 2025–
2042 (2016)
49. A. Kiselev, F. Bachmann, P. Pedevilla, S.J. Cox, A. Michaelides, D. Gerthsen, T. Leisner, Active
sites in heterogeneous ice nucleation–the example of K-rich feldspars. Science 355, 367–371
(2017)
50. R.O. David, C. Marcolli, J. Fahrni, Y. Qiu, Y.A. Perez-Sirkin, V. Molinero, F. Mahrt, D. Brühwiler, U. Lohmann, Z.A. Kanji, Pore condensation and freezing is responsible for ice formation
below water saturation for porous particles. PNAS 116, 8184–8189 (2019)
51. L. Rayleigh, On the equilibrium of liquid conducting masses charged with electricity. Philos.
Mag. 14, 184–186 (1882)
52. G. I. Taylor, Disintegration of water drops in an electric field. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A,
280, 383–397 (1964)
53. J.R. Melcher, G.I. Taylor, Electrohydrodynamics: a review of the role of interfacial shear
stresses. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1, 111–146 (1969)
54. W. Thomson, On a self-acting apparatus for multiplying and maintaining electric charges, with
applications to illustrate the voltaic theory. Proc. R Soc. Lond. 16, 391–396 (1867)
55. A.G. Marín, W. van Hoeve, P. García-Sánchez, L. Shui, Y. Xie, M.A. Fontelos, J.C.T. Eijkel,
A. van den Berg, D. Lohse, The microfluidic Kelvin water dropper. Lab Chip. 13, 4503–4506
(2013)
56. Y. Xie, D. Bos, L.J. de Vreede, H.L. de Boer, M.-J. van der Meulen, M. Versluis, A.J. Sprenkels,
A. van den Berg, J.C.T. Eijkel, High-efficiency ballistic electrostatic generator using microdroplets. Nat. Comm. 5, 3575–5 (2014)