5 Electrodynamics of Aqueous Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.1 The Dielectric Response of Electrolyte Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.1.1 Why Electrolytes Conduct Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.1.2 The Frequency-Dependent Conductivity of Aqueous
Electrolytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
5.1.3 The Mechanism of Dynamic Conductivity
in Electrolytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
5.2 The Electrodynamics of Confined Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
5.3 Atmospheric Electrodynamics and Aqueous Interfaces . . . . . . . . . 192
5.4 Kelvin Water Dropper: Converting Gravity to Electricity . . . . . . . 196
5.5 Water in a Strong Electric Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
5.6 Water in Electrochemical Energy Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Appendix: The Complex Dielectric Constant for Ice and Water . . . . . . . 215
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Contents
xiii