26
1 Melanin Chemistry
7. L. Zecca, R. Pietra, C. Goj, C. Mecacci, D. Radice, E. Sabbioni, Iron and other metals in
neuromelanins substantia nigra and putamen of human brain. J. Neurochem. 62, 1097–1101
(1994)
8. R.J. D’Amato, Z.P. Lipman, S.H. Snyder, Selectivity of the Parkinsonian neurotoxin MPTP:
toxic metabolite MPP + binds to neuromelanin. Science 231, 987–989 (1986)
9. W. Westerhof, M. d’Ischia, Vitiligo puzzle: the pieces fall in place. Pigment Cell Res. 20,
345–359 (2007)
10. P.B. Chapman et al., Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E
mutation. N. Engl. J. Med. 364, 2507–2516 (2011)
11. F.S. Hodi et al., Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N.
Engl. J. Med. 363, 711–723 (2010)
12. R. Nazarian, H. Shi, Q. Wang, X. Kong, R.C. Koya, H. Lee, Z. Chen, M.-K. Lee, N. Attar, H.
Sazegar, T. Chodon, S.F. Nelson, G. McArthur, J.A. Sosman, A. Ribas, R.S. Lo, Melanomas
acquire resistance to B-RAF (V600E) inhibition by RTK or N-RAS upregulation. Nature 468,
973–977 (2010)
13. R.M. MacKie, A. Hauschild, A.M.M. Eggermont, Epidemiology of invasive cutaneous
melanoma. Annals Oncol. 20, vi1-vi7 (2009)
14. P. Meredith, J. Riesz, Radiative relaxation quantum yields for synthetic eumelanin.
Photochem. Photobiol. 79, 211–216 (2004)
15. J.B. Nofsinger, T. Ye, J.D. Simon, Ultrafast nonradiative relaxation dynamics of eumelanin.
J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 2864–2866 (2001)
16. S. Subianto, G. Will, P. Meredith, Electrochemical synthesis of melanin free-standing films.
Polymer 46, 11505–11509 (2005)
17. J.E. McGinness, Mobility gaps: a mechanism for band gaps in Melanins. Science 177, 896–897
(1972)
18. J.E. McGinness, P. Corry, P. Procter, Amorphous semiconductor switching in melanins.
Science 183, 853–855 (1974)
19. A.B. Mostert, B.J. Powell, I.R. Gentle, P. Meredith, On the origin of electrical conductivity
in the bio-electronic material melanin. Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, (2012)
20. A.B. Mostert, B.J. Powell, F.L. Pratt, G.R. Hanson, T. Sarna, I.R. Gentle, P. Meredith, Role of
semiconductivity and ion transport in the electrical conduction of melanin. Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. 109, 8943–8947 (2012)
21. C.J. Bettinger, J.P. Bruggeman, A. Misra, J.T. Borenstein, R. Langer, Biocompatibility of
biodegradable semiconducting melanin films for nerve tissue engineering. Biomaterials 30,
3050–3057 (2009)
22. H. Lee, S.M. Dellatore, W.M. Miller, P.B. Messersmith, Mussel-inspired surface chemistry
for multifunctional coatings. Science 318, 426–430 (2007)
23. S. Ito, A Chemist’s View of Melanogenesis. Pigment Cell Res. 16, 230–236 (2003)
24. S. Ito, Y. Nakanishi, R.K. Valenzuela, M.H. Brilliant, L. Kolbe, K. Wakamatsu, Usefulness of
alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidation to analyze eumelanin and pheomelanin in various tissue
samples: application to chemical analysis of human hair melanins. Pigment Cell Melanoma
Res. 24, 605–613 (2011)
25. H. Ozeki, K. Wakamatsu, S. Ito, Chemical characterization of eumelanins with special
emphasis on 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid content and molecular size. Anal.
Biochem. 248, 149–157 (1997)
26. H. Ozeki, S. Ito, K. Wakamatsu, T. Hirobe, Chemical Characterization of hair melanins in
various coat-color mutants of mice. J. Invest. Dermatol. 105, 361–366 (1995)
27. V.J. Hearing, M. Jiménz, Mammalian tyrosinase: the critical regulatory control point in
melanocyte pigmentation. Int. J. Biochem. 19, 1141–1147 (1987)
28. T.B. Fitzpatrick, S.W. Becker Jr., A.B. Lerner, H. Montgomery, Tyrosinase in human skin:
demonstration of its presence and of its role in human melanin formation. Science 112,
223–225 (1950)
29. A.B. Lerner, T.B. Fitzpatrick, Biochemistry of melanin formation. Physiol. Rev. 30, 91–126
(1950)
1 Melanin Chemistry
7. L. Zecca, R. Pietra, C. Goj, C. Mecacci, D. Radice, E. Sabbioni, Iron and other metals in
neuromelanins substantia nigra and putamen of human brain. J. Neurochem. 62, 1097–1101
(1994)
8. R.J. D’Amato, Z.P. Lipman, S.H. Snyder, Selectivity of the Parkinsonian neurotoxin MPTP:
toxic metabolite MPP + binds to neuromelanin. Science 231, 987–989 (1986)
9. W. Westerhof, M. d’Ischia, Vitiligo puzzle: the pieces fall in place. Pigment Cell Res. 20,
345–359 (2007)
10. P.B. Chapman et al., Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E
mutation. N. Engl. J. Med. 364, 2507–2516 (2011)
11. F.S. Hodi et al., Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N.
Engl. J. Med. 363, 711–723 (2010)
12. R. Nazarian, H. Shi, Q. Wang, X. Kong, R.C. Koya, H. Lee, Z. Chen, M.-K. Lee, N. Attar, H.
Sazegar, T. Chodon, S.F. Nelson, G. McArthur, J.A. Sosman, A. Ribas, R.S. Lo, Melanomas
acquire resistance to B-RAF (V600E) inhibition by RTK or N-RAS upregulation. Nature 468,
973–977 (2010)
13. R.M. MacKie, A. Hauschild, A.M.M. Eggermont, Epidemiology of invasive cutaneous
melanoma. Annals Oncol. 20, vi1-vi7 (2009)
14. P. Meredith, J. Riesz, Radiative relaxation quantum yields for synthetic eumelanin.
Photochem. Photobiol. 79, 211–216 (2004)
15. J.B. Nofsinger, T. Ye, J.D. Simon, Ultrafast nonradiative relaxation dynamics of eumelanin.
J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 2864–2866 (2001)
16. S. Subianto, G. Will, P. Meredith, Electrochemical synthesis of melanin free-standing films.
Polymer 46, 11505–11509 (2005)
17. J.E. McGinness, Mobility gaps: a mechanism for band gaps in Melanins. Science 177, 896–897
(1972)
18. J.E. McGinness, P. Corry, P. Procter, Amorphous semiconductor switching in melanins.
Science 183, 853–855 (1974)
19. A.B. Mostert, B.J. Powell, I.R. Gentle, P. Meredith, On the origin of electrical conductivity
in the bio-electronic material melanin. Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, (2012)
20. A.B. Mostert, B.J. Powell, F.L. Pratt, G.R. Hanson, T. Sarna, I.R. Gentle, P. Meredith, Role of
semiconductivity and ion transport in the electrical conduction of melanin. Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. 109, 8943–8947 (2012)
21. C.J. Bettinger, J.P. Bruggeman, A. Misra, J.T. Borenstein, R. Langer, Biocompatibility of
biodegradable semiconducting melanin films for nerve tissue engineering. Biomaterials 30,
3050–3057 (2009)
22. H. Lee, S.M. Dellatore, W.M. Miller, P.B. Messersmith, Mussel-inspired surface chemistry
for multifunctional coatings. Science 318, 426–430 (2007)
23. S. Ito, A Chemist’s View of Melanogenesis. Pigment Cell Res. 16, 230–236 (2003)
24. S. Ito, Y. Nakanishi, R.K. Valenzuela, M.H. Brilliant, L. Kolbe, K. Wakamatsu, Usefulness of
alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidation to analyze eumelanin and pheomelanin in various tissue
samples: application to chemical analysis of human hair melanins. Pigment Cell Melanoma
Res. 24, 605–613 (2011)
25. H. Ozeki, K. Wakamatsu, S. Ito, Chemical characterization of eumelanins with special
emphasis on 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid content and molecular size. Anal.
Biochem. 248, 149–157 (1997)
26. H. Ozeki, S. Ito, K. Wakamatsu, T. Hirobe, Chemical Characterization of hair melanins in
various coat-color mutants of mice. J. Invest. Dermatol. 105, 361–366 (1995)
27. V.J. Hearing, M. Jiménz, Mammalian tyrosinase: the critical regulatory control point in
melanocyte pigmentation. Int. J. Biochem. 19, 1141–1147 (1987)
28. T.B. Fitzpatrick, S.W. Becker Jr., A.B. Lerner, H. Montgomery, Tyrosinase in human skin:
demonstration of its presence and of its role in human melanin formation. Science 112,
223–225 (1950)
29. A.B. Lerner, T.B. Fitzpatrick, Biochemistry of melanin formation. Physiol. Rev. 30, 91–126
(1950)