production of seaweeds and bivalves off the coast in offshore environments could
solve spatial and environmental problems currently existing in coastal seas. The
production of extractive species in offshore areas could solve the global issue of
providing large amounts of biomass to the end user. There are several reports
available examining the feasibility of moving seaweed and bivalve aquaculture
towards the more hostile environment of the open ocean, in combination or not with
offshore structures. Nevertheless, plans to connect such culture devices to offshore
foundations of wind turbines are still in their infancy (Buck and Krause 2012).
A non-exhaustive list is presented below:
• 2000: Open Ocean Aquaculture within Offshore Wind Farms. A Feasibility
Study Concerning the Multifunctional Use of Offshore Wind Farms and
Offshore Aquaculture within the North Sea (Buck 2002)
• 2004: Farming in a High Energy Environment: Potentials and Constraints of
Sustainable Offshore Aquaculture in the German Bight (North Sea) (Buck 2004,
2007)
• 2012: Integration of Aquaculture and Renewable Energy Systems (Buck and
Krause 2012)
• 2013: Short Expertise on the Potential Combination of Aquaculture with
Marine-Based Renewable Energy Systems (Buck and Krause 2013)
• 2013: Aquaculture in Welsh Offshore Wind Farms: A Feasibility Study into
Potential Cultivation in Offshore Wind Farm Sites (Syvret et al. 2013).
• 2013: Triple P Review of the Feasibility of Sustainable Offshore Seaweed
Production in the North Sea (van den Burg et al. 2013)
• 2014: Combining Offshore Wind Energy and Large-Scale Mussel Farming:
Background & Technical, Ecological and Economic Considerations (Lagerveld
et al. 2014)
• 2015: Go Offshore—Combining Food and Energy Production (Carlberg and
Christensen 2015)
• 2015: Aquaculture Pilot Scale Report (TROPOS 2015).
2.4 Extractive Species Aquaculture
2.4.1 Seaweeds
Seaweeds are part of the cultural heritage of Asian countries, much more so that in
Western countries. Nevertheless, according to a recent archaeological study, cooked
and partially eaten seaweed were found at a 14,000-year-old site in southern Chile,
suggesting seaweeds have been part of human diet for a very long time and in other
parts of the world as well (Dillehay et al. 2008). Global seaweed aquaculture
production represents 49.1% of total world mariculture production by weight, with
an annual value of US $6.4 billion (FAO 2014; Chopin 2014). From an estimated
26
B.H. Buck et al.
solve spatial and environmental problems currently existing in coastal seas. The
production of extractive species in offshore areas could solve the global issue of
providing large amounts of biomass to the end user. There are several reports
available examining the feasibility of moving seaweed and bivalve aquaculture
towards the more hostile environment of the open ocean, in combination or not with
offshore structures. Nevertheless, plans to connect such culture devices to offshore
foundations of wind turbines are still in their infancy (Buck and Krause 2012).
A non-exhaustive list is presented below:
• 2000: Open Ocean Aquaculture within Offshore Wind Farms. A Feasibility
Study Concerning the Multifunctional Use of Offshore Wind Farms and
Offshore Aquaculture within the North Sea (Buck 2002)
• 2004: Farming in a High Energy Environment: Potentials and Constraints of
Sustainable Offshore Aquaculture in the German Bight (North Sea) (Buck 2004,
2007)
• 2012: Integration of Aquaculture and Renewable Energy Systems (Buck and
Krause 2012)
• 2013: Short Expertise on the Potential Combination of Aquaculture with
Marine-Based Renewable Energy Systems (Buck and Krause 2013)
• 2013: Aquaculture in Welsh Offshore Wind Farms: A Feasibility Study into
Potential Cultivation in Offshore Wind Farm Sites (Syvret et al. 2013).
• 2013: Triple P Review of the Feasibility of Sustainable Offshore Seaweed
Production in the North Sea (van den Burg et al. 2013)
• 2014: Combining Offshore Wind Energy and Large-Scale Mussel Farming:
Background & Technical, Ecological and Economic Considerations (Lagerveld
et al. 2014)
• 2015: Go Offshore—Combining Food and Energy Production (Carlberg and
Christensen 2015)
• 2015: Aquaculture Pilot Scale Report (TROPOS 2015).
2.4 Extractive Species Aquaculture
2.4.1 Seaweeds
Seaweeds are part of the cultural heritage of Asian countries, much more so that in
Western countries. Nevertheless, according to a recent archaeological study, cooked
and partially eaten seaweed were found at a 14,000-year-old site in southern Chile,
suggesting seaweeds have been part of human diet for a very long time and in other
parts of the world as well (Dillehay et al. 2008). Global seaweed aquaculture
production represents 49.1% of total world mariculture production by weight, with
an annual value of US $6.4 billion (FAO 2014; Chopin 2014). From an estimated
26
B.H. Buck et al.