• Regulating and Supporting Services
– Climate regulation (CO 2 uptake, heat exchange)
– Water purification (filtration, dilution)
– Flood/storm protection
– Erosion control
– Waste assimilation
– Nutrient cycling
– Primary production
• Cultural Services
– Beach recreation and coastal access
– Recreational boating, fishing, diving
– Aesthetic, spiritual, and cultural uses of the coast and ocean
– Existence/bequest value of local species (value attributed by people to
knowing that species exist, and will survive for future generations)
Figure 10.2 illustrates how different subsets of marine resources and infrastructure contribute to economic value generated in different economic activities and
ecosystem service functions (climate regulation, water purification, and storm surge
regulation) that are not captured by market data. The table is not exhaustive, but
illustrates two important points. First, each natural resource and infrastructure
component typically supports value generation in a variety of economic sectors and
ecological functions. And second, different ocean economy sectors depend on
different combinations of resources and infrastructure.
Although we know in principle which resources are used as inputs to which
categories of ecosystem service and value, as suggested by Fig. 10.2, our ability to
predict how changes in resources and infrastructure might affect value generation is,
in most cases, incomplete at best. That is because the relationship between inputs
(natural resources, infrastructure) and outputs (e.g., seafood, or recreation days) and
the value of those outputs is often complicated. For some economic activities, the
simple existence of access to a category of resources is sufficient: for example, the
maritime transport industry needs port infrastructure and access to coastal and
ocean waters to generate value; but that value does not increase, as a rule, when
coastal water quality is improved. Furthermore, different areas of the ocean may
have different levels of value to the maritime transportation sector, depending on
their location relative to preferred shipping routes. On the other hand, the value
generated by activities such as commercial fishing, aquaculture, and recreational
boating and fishing depends both on the quantity and quality of coastal and ocean
water resources (Hanemann et al. 2005; Keeler et al. 2012).
10 Economics of Multi-use and Co-location
237
– Climate regulation (CO 2 uptake, heat exchange)
– Water purification (filtration, dilution)
– Flood/storm protection
– Erosion control
– Waste assimilation
– Nutrient cycling
– Primary production
• Cultural Services
– Beach recreation and coastal access
– Recreational boating, fishing, diving
– Aesthetic, spiritual, and cultural uses of the coast and ocean
– Existence/bequest value of local species (value attributed by people to
knowing that species exist, and will survive for future generations)
Figure 10.2 illustrates how different subsets of marine resources and infrastructure contribute to economic value generated in different economic activities and
ecosystem service functions (climate regulation, water purification, and storm surge
regulation) that are not captured by market data. The table is not exhaustive, but
illustrates two important points. First, each natural resource and infrastructure
component typically supports value generation in a variety of economic sectors and
ecological functions. And second, different ocean economy sectors depend on
different combinations of resources and infrastructure.
Although we know in principle which resources are used as inputs to which
categories of ecosystem service and value, as suggested by Fig. 10.2, our ability to
predict how changes in resources and infrastructure might affect value generation is,
in most cases, incomplete at best. That is because the relationship between inputs
(natural resources, infrastructure) and outputs (e.g., seafood, or recreation days) and
the value of those outputs is often complicated. For some economic activities, the
simple existence of access to a category of resources is sufficient: for example, the
maritime transport industry needs port infrastructure and access to coastal and
ocean waters to generate value; but that value does not increase, as a rule, when
coastal water quality is improved. Furthermore, different areas of the ocean may
have different levels of value to the maritime transportation sector, depending on
their location relative to preferred shipping routes. On the other hand, the value
generated by activities such as commercial fishing, aquaculture, and recreational
boating and fishing depends both on the quantity and quality of coastal and ocean
water resources (Hanemann et al. 2005; Keeler et al. 2012).
10 Economics of Multi-use and Co-location
237