234
Index
E max graphical method, 161–163
Emission of nuclear particles, 14–15
Emulsion technique, 129–208
Endoergic decay, 13
Energy spectrum α and β, 47
Energy α-decay, 14
Equilibrium, 26
Exoergic decay, 13
F
Fall time, 61
Fast neutron reaction, 35
Feather analysis, 163
Features of Nuclear reaction, 41–42
Fermi energy, 122
Filter paper in scintillation, 104–105
Fusion reaction, 5
G
Gas amplification, 57
Gas flow proportional counter, 66–67
Gas proportional counter, 66
Gaussian distribution, 174–177
Geiger region, 57–58
Gel scintillator, 104
Genetic hazard, 186
H
Half-life, 26, 167–170
Half thickness for β, 167
Hand monitor, 194
Health hazard external radiation, 190
Health hazard internal absorption, 186–187
Health hazard protection, 193–194
Hertz, 61
I
Inorganic scintillator, 100–101
Interaction of α-particles, 46
Interaction with electromagnetic radiation,
47–50
Interactions with particulate radiation, 46–
47
Internal conversion, 21
Internal standard, 112
Ion exchange, 209–211
Ionization counter, 54, 64–65
Ionization region, 56
Isomeric transition, 21
L
Limitations of Ionization counters, 92
Liquid G.M. counter, 77–81
Liquid sample for counting, 93
Loss in counting self-absorption, 151
Low activity counter, 119
M
Magic number, 3
Mass defect, 4
Mass of electron, 2
Mass of helium, 2
Mass of neutron, 2
Mass of proton, 2
Metastable, 21
Moderator, 35
N
Neutrino, 16
Neutron source, 36
Noise pulses, 63
n-type, 122
Nuclear cross-section, 39
Nuclear fission reaction, 35
Nuclear stability, 9–11
Nuclear structure, 2
Nucleon, 2
O
Organic scintillator, 101
P
Pair production, 49
Paper electrophoresis, 208
α-particles, 14–15, 16, 28, 36, 46, 50, 57–59,
61–64, 69–74, 76, 91, 92, 101, 128,
129, 136, 143, 160, 166, 185, 186,
188, 189, 200
β-particles, 16, 21, 24, 28, 47, 50, 57–64,
69–74, 76, 91, 92, 101, 104, 109–111,
113–114, 117, 127, 131, 136, 142–
143, 151–157, 160–166, 167, 170,
185, 186, 191–193, 195
Permissible level radiation, 189–190
Photoelectric effect, 48
Photographic technique, 166
Photomultiplier tube, 98–99
Plateau α, β, 69, 70
p−n junction, 125
Pocket ionization counter, 65
Positron decay, 17
Index
E max graphical method, 161–163
Emission of nuclear particles, 14–15
Emulsion technique, 129–208
Endoergic decay, 13
Energy spectrum α and β, 47
Energy α-decay, 14
Equilibrium, 26
Exoergic decay, 13
F
Fall time, 61
Fast neutron reaction, 35
Feather analysis, 163
Features of Nuclear reaction, 41–42
Fermi energy, 122
Filter paper in scintillation, 104–105
Fusion reaction, 5
G
Gas amplification, 57
Gas flow proportional counter, 66–67
Gas proportional counter, 66
Gaussian distribution, 174–177
Geiger region, 57–58
Gel scintillator, 104
Genetic hazard, 186
H
Half-life, 26, 167–170
Half thickness for β, 167
Hand monitor, 194
Health hazard external radiation, 190
Health hazard internal absorption, 186–187
Health hazard protection, 193–194
Hertz, 61
I
Inorganic scintillator, 100–101
Interaction of α-particles, 46
Interaction with electromagnetic radiation,
47–50
Interactions with particulate radiation, 46–
47
Internal conversion, 21
Internal standard, 112
Ion exchange, 209–211
Ionization counter, 54, 64–65
Ionization region, 56
Isomeric transition, 21
L
Limitations of Ionization counters, 92
Liquid G.M. counter, 77–81
Liquid sample for counting, 93
Loss in counting self-absorption, 151
Low activity counter, 119
M
Magic number, 3
Mass defect, 4
Mass of electron, 2
Mass of helium, 2
Mass of neutron, 2
Mass of proton, 2
Metastable, 21
Moderator, 35
N
Neutrino, 16
Neutron source, 36
Noise pulses, 63
n-type, 122
Nuclear cross-section, 39
Nuclear fission reaction, 35
Nuclear stability, 9–11
Nuclear structure, 2
Nucleon, 2
O
Organic scintillator, 101
P
Pair production, 49
Paper electrophoresis, 208
α-particles, 14–15, 16, 28, 36, 46, 50, 57–59,
61–64, 69–74, 76, 91, 92, 101, 128,
129, 136, 143, 160, 166, 185, 186,
188, 189, 200
β-particles, 16, 21, 24, 28, 47, 50, 57–64,
69–74, 76, 91, 92, 101, 104, 109–111,
113–114, 117, 127, 131, 136, 142–
143, 151–157, 160–166, 167, 170,
185, 186, 191–193, 195
Permissible level radiation, 189–190
Photoelectric effect, 48
Photographic technique, 166
Photomultiplier tube, 98–99
Plateau α, β, 69, 70
p−n junction, 125
Pocket ionization counter, 65
Positron decay, 17