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interphase of cellulose nanocrystal composites. Compos Sci Technol 72(2):314–319
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30. Liang J, Huang Y, Zhang L, Wang Y, Ma Y, Guo T, Chen Y (2009) Molecular-level dispersion
of graphene into poly (vinyl alcohol) and effective reinforcement of their nanocomposites. Adv
Funct Mater 19(14):2297–2302
31. Cheng ZL, Qin XX, Liu Z, Qin DZ (2017) Electrospinning preparation and mechanical
properties of PVA/HNTs composite nanofibers. Polym Adv Technol 28(6):768–774
32. Azmi S, Razak SIA, Abdul Kadir MR, Iqbal N, Hassan R, Nayan NHM, Abdul Wahab AH,
Shaharuddin S (2017) Reinforcement of poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel with halloysite nanotubes
as potential biomedical materials. Soft Mater 15(1):45–54
33. Ormanci-Acar T, Celebi F, Keskin B, Mutlu-Salmanlı O, Agtas M, Turken T, Tufani A, Imer DY,
Ince GO, Demir TU, Menceloglu YZ (2018) Fabrication and characterization of temperature
and pH resistant thin film nanocomposite membranes embedded with halloysite nanotubes for
dye rejection. Desalination 429:20–32
34. Hakalahti M, Mautner A, Johansson LS, Hänninen T, Setälä H, Kontturi E, Bismarck A,
Tammelin T (2016) Direct interfacial modification of nanocellulose films for thermoresponsive
membrane templates. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8(5):2923–2927
35. Humood M, Qin S, Song Y, Polychronopoulou K, Zhang Y, Grunlan JC, Polycarpou AA
(2016) Influence of graphene reduction and polymer cross-linking on improving the interfacial
properties of multilayer thin films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9(1):1107–1118
36. Carrado KA, Thiyagarajan P, Elder DL (1996) Polyvinyl alcohol-clay complexes formed by
direct synthesis. Clays Clay Miner 44(4):506–514
37. Theng BKG (1982) Clay–polymer interactions: summary and perspectives. Clays Clay Miner
30(1):1–10
38. Alishahi E, Shadlou S, Doagou-R S, Ayatollahi MR (2013) Effects of carbon nanoreinforcements of different shapes on the mechanical properties of epoxy-based nanocomposites.
Macromol Mater Eng 298(6):670–678
39. Abdullah ZW, Dong Y (2018) Preparation and characterisation of poly (vinyl) alcohol
(PVA)/starch (ST)/halloysite nanotube (HNT) nanocomposite films as renewable materials.
J Mater Sci 53(5):3455–3469
40. Khoo WS, Ismail H, Ariffin A (2013) Tensile, swelling, and oxidative degradation properties
of crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/halloysite nanotube composites. Int J Polym Mater
Polym Biomater 62(7):390–396
41. Qiu K, Netravali AN (2013) Halloysite nanotube reinforced biodegradable nanocomposites using noncrosslinked and malonic acid crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol. Polym Compos
34(5):799–809
42. Sapalidis AA, Katsaros FK, Kanellopoulos NK (2011) PVA/montmorillonite nanocomposites:
development and properties. In: Cuppoletti J (ed) Nanocomposites and polymers with analytical
methods. InTech, Rijeka, pp 29–50
43. Asad M, Saba N, Asiri AM, Jawaid M, Indarti E, Wanrosli WD (2018) Preparation and characterization of nanocomposite films from oil palm pulp nanocellulose/poly (vinyl alcohol) by
casting method. Carbohydr Polym 191:103–111
44. Raheel M, Yao K, Gong J, Chen XC, Liu DT, Lin YC, Cui DM, Siddiq M, Tang T (2015)
Poly (vinyl alcohol)/GO-MMT nanocomposites: preparation, structure and properties. Chin J
Polym Sci 33(2):329–338
45. Schadler LS, Brinson LC, Sawyer WG (2007) Polymer nanocomposites: a small part of the
story. JOM 59(3):53–60
46. Pakzad A, Simonsen J, Yassar RS (2012) Gradient of nanomechanical properties in the
interphase of cellulose nanocrystal composites. Compos Sci Technol 72(2):314–319
47. Santos KS, Castel CD, Liberman SA, Oviedo MAS, Mauler RS (2011) Polyolefin-based
nanocomposite: the effects of processing aids. J Appl Polym Sci 119(3):1567–1575
48. Wetzel B, Rosso P, Haupert F, Friedrich K (2006) Epoxy nanocomposites–fracture and
toughening mechanisms. Eng Fract Mech 73(16):2375–2398
49. Li Y, Yang T, Yu T, Zheng L, Liao K (2011) Synergistic effect of hybrid carbon nantube–
graphene oxide as a nanofiller in enhancing the mechanical properties of PVA composites. J
Mater Chem 21(29):10844–10851