References
1. Hsu PD, Lander ES, Zhang F (2014) Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for
genome engineering. Cell 157(6):1262–1278.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.010
2. Cox DB, Platt RJ, Zhang F (2015) Therapeutic
genome editing: prospects and challenges. Nat
Med 21(2):121–131. https://doi.org/10.
1038/nm.3793
3. Perez-Pinera P, Kocak DD, Vockley CM, Adler
AF, Kabadi AM, Polstein LR, Thakore PI,
Glass KA, Ousterout DG, Leong KW,
Guilak F, Crawford GE, Reddy TE, Gersbach
CA (2013) RNA-guided gene activation by
CRISPR-Cas9-based transcription factors.
Nat Methods 10(10):973–976. https://doi.
org/10.1038/nmeth.2600
4. Damian M, Porteus MH (2013) A crisper look
at genome editing: RNA-guided genome modification. Mol Ther 21(4):720–722. https://
doi.org/10.1038/mt.2013.46
5. Chakraborty S, Ji H, Kabadi AM, Gersbach
CA, Christoforou N, Leong KW (2014) A
CRISPR/Cas9-based system for reprogramming cell lineage specification. Stem Cell Rep
3(6):940–947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
stemcr.2014.09.013
6. Li L, Hu S, Chen X (2018) Non-viral delivery
systems for CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing: challenges and opportunities. Biomaterials
171:207–218.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biomaterials.2018.04.031
7. Wang HX, Li M, Lee CM, Chakraborty S, Kim
HW, Bao G, Leong KW (2017) CRISPR/
Cas9-based genome editing for disease modeling and therapy: challenges and opportunities
for nonviral delivery. Chem Rev 117
(15):9874–9906. https://doi.org/10.1021/
acs.chemrev.6b00799
8. De Laporte L, Shea LD (2007) Matrices and
scaffolds for DNA delivery in tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59(4–5):292–307.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2007.03.
017
9. Whitaker MJ, Quirk RA, Howdle SM, Shakesheff KM (2001) Growth factor release from
tissue engineering scaffolds. J Pharm Pharmacol 53(11):1427–1437. https://doi.org/10.
1211/0022357011777963
10. Low WC, Rujitanaroj PO, Lee DK, Kuang J,
Messersmith PB, Chan JK, Chew SY (2015)
Mussel-inspired modification of nanofibers for
REST siRNA delivery: understanding the
effects of gene-silencing and substrate topography on human mesenchymal stem cell neuronal commitment. Macromol Biosci 15
(10):1457–1468. https://doi.org/10.1002/
mabi.201500101
11. Low WC, Rujitanaroj PO, Lee DK, Messersmith PB, Stanton LW, Goh E, Chew SY
(2013) Nanofibrous scaffold-mediated REST
knockdown to enhance neuronal differentiation of stem cells. Biomaterials 34
(14):3581–3590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biomaterials.2013.01.093
12. Chooi WH, Ong W, Murray A, Lin J,
Nizetic D, Chew SY (2018) Scaffold mediated
gene knockdown for neuronal differentiation
of human neural progenitor cells. Biomater
Sci 6(11):3019–3029. https://doi.org/10.
1039/c8bm01034j
13. Zhang N, Milbreta U, Chin JS, Pinese C, Lin J,
Shirahama H, Jiang W, Liu H, Mi R, Hoke A,
Wu W, Chew SY (2019) Biomimicking fiber
scaffold as an effective in vitro and in vivo
microRNA screening platform for directing tissue regeneration. Adv Sci (Weinh) 6
(9):1800808. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.
201800808
14. Ong W, Lin J, Bechler ME, Wang K, Wang M,
Ffrench-Constant C, Chew SY (2018) Microfiber drug/gene delivery platform for study of
myelination. Acta Biomater 75:152–160.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.06.
011
15. Diao HJ, Low WC, Lu QR, Chew SY (2015)
Topographical effects on fiber-mediated microRNA delivery to control oligodendroglial precursor cells development. Biomaterials
70:105–114.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biomaterials.2015.08.029
16. Diao HJ, Low WC, Milbreta U, Lu QR, Chew
SY (2015) Nanofiber-mediated microRNA
delivery to enhance differentiation and maturation of oligodendroglial precursor cells. J Control Release 208:85–92. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.jconrel.2015.03.005
17. Chin JS, Chooi WH, Wang H, Ong W, Leong
KW, Chew SY (2019) Scaffold-mediated non-viral delivery platform for CRISPR/Cas9based genome editing. Acta Biomater
90:60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.
2019.04.020
Scaffold-Based Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9
191
1. Hsu PD, Lander ES, Zhang F (2014) Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for
genome engineering. Cell 157(6):1262–1278.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.010
2. Cox DB, Platt RJ, Zhang F (2015) Therapeutic
genome editing: prospects and challenges. Nat
Med 21(2):121–131. https://doi.org/10.
1038/nm.3793
3. Perez-Pinera P, Kocak DD, Vockley CM, Adler
AF, Kabadi AM, Polstein LR, Thakore PI,
Glass KA, Ousterout DG, Leong KW,
Guilak F, Crawford GE, Reddy TE, Gersbach
CA (2013) RNA-guided gene activation by
CRISPR-Cas9-based transcription factors.
Nat Methods 10(10):973–976. https://doi.
org/10.1038/nmeth.2600
4. Damian M, Porteus MH (2013) A crisper look
at genome editing: RNA-guided genome modification. Mol Ther 21(4):720–722. https://
doi.org/10.1038/mt.2013.46
5. Chakraborty S, Ji H, Kabadi AM, Gersbach
CA, Christoforou N, Leong KW (2014) A
CRISPR/Cas9-based system for reprogramming cell lineage specification. Stem Cell Rep
3(6):940–947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
stemcr.2014.09.013
6. Li L, Hu S, Chen X (2018) Non-viral delivery
systems for CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing: challenges and opportunities. Biomaterials
171:207–218.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biomaterials.2018.04.031
7. Wang HX, Li M, Lee CM, Chakraborty S, Kim
HW, Bao G, Leong KW (2017) CRISPR/
Cas9-based genome editing for disease modeling and therapy: challenges and opportunities
for nonviral delivery. Chem Rev 117
(15):9874–9906. https://doi.org/10.1021/
acs.chemrev.6b00799
8. De Laporte L, Shea LD (2007) Matrices and
scaffolds for DNA delivery in tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59(4–5):292–307.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2007.03.
017
9. Whitaker MJ, Quirk RA, Howdle SM, Shakesheff KM (2001) Growth factor release from
tissue engineering scaffolds. J Pharm Pharmacol 53(11):1427–1437. https://doi.org/10.
1211/0022357011777963
10. Low WC, Rujitanaroj PO, Lee DK, Kuang J,
Messersmith PB, Chan JK, Chew SY (2015)
Mussel-inspired modification of nanofibers for
REST siRNA delivery: understanding the
effects of gene-silencing and substrate topography on human mesenchymal stem cell neuronal commitment. Macromol Biosci 15
(10):1457–1468. https://doi.org/10.1002/
mabi.201500101
11. Low WC, Rujitanaroj PO, Lee DK, Messersmith PB, Stanton LW, Goh E, Chew SY
(2013) Nanofibrous scaffold-mediated REST
knockdown to enhance neuronal differentiation of stem cells. Biomaterials 34
(14):3581–3590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biomaterials.2013.01.093
12. Chooi WH, Ong W, Murray A, Lin J,
Nizetic D, Chew SY (2018) Scaffold mediated
gene knockdown for neuronal differentiation
of human neural progenitor cells. Biomater
Sci 6(11):3019–3029. https://doi.org/10.
1039/c8bm01034j
13. Zhang N, Milbreta U, Chin JS, Pinese C, Lin J,
Shirahama H, Jiang W, Liu H, Mi R, Hoke A,
Wu W, Chew SY (2019) Biomimicking fiber
scaffold as an effective in vitro and in vivo
microRNA screening platform for directing tissue regeneration. Adv Sci (Weinh) 6
(9):1800808. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.
201800808
14. Ong W, Lin J, Bechler ME, Wang K, Wang M,
Ffrench-Constant C, Chew SY (2018) Microfiber drug/gene delivery platform for study of
myelination. Acta Biomater 75:152–160.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.06.
011
15. Diao HJ, Low WC, Lu QR, Chew SY (2015)
Topographical effects on fiber-mediated microRNA delivery to control oligodendroglial precursor cells development. Biomaterials
70:105–114.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biomaterials.2015.08.029
16. Diao HJ, Low WC, Milbreta U, Lu QR, Chew
SY (2015) Nanofiber-mediated microRNA
delivery to enhance differentiation and maturation of oligodendroglial precursor cells. J Control Release 208:85–92. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.jconrel.2015.03.005
17. Chin JS, Chooi WH, Wang H, Ong W, Leong
KW, Chew SY (2019) Scaffold-mediated non-viral delivery platform for CRISPR/Cas9based genome editing. Acta Biomater
90:60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.
2019.04.020
Scaffold-Based Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9
191