15. Follow the instruction of the manufacturer on how to insert
the cell/cuvette into the machine. For detailed instructions for
different types of cuvettes, please refer to the Malvern user
manual.
(https://www.malvernpanalytical.com/en/learn/
knowledge-center/user-manuals/MAN0485EN)
16. We used the BCA assay to indirectly quantify the amount of
surface proteins present on the CDNs [38], which serves as an
indicator for the quantity of CDNs. The detailed instruction of
how to perform the assay can be found at the supplier’s website.
(https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/prod
uct/23225)
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the National University of Singapore
(NUS) for financial support (grant C-141-000-097-001),
A-STAR SERC for financial support (grant number:
152 80 00046 (R-148-000-222-305)), IAF-PP (grant number
A20G1a0046, R-148-000-307-305) and the Ministry of Education Singapore (MOE) for financial support (grant R148-000-267114, R-148-000-284-114 and R-148-000-296-114).
References
1. Tiwari G, Tiwari R, Sriwastawa B, Bhati L,
Pandey S, Pandey P, Bannerjee SK (2012)
Drug delivery systems: an updated review. Int
J Pharm Investig 2:2–11
2. Bulbake U, Doppalapudi S, Kommineni N,
Khan W (2017) Liposomal formulations in
clinical use: an updated review. Pharmaceutics
9.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
pharmaceutics9020012
3. Desai N (2016) Nanoparticle albumin-bound
paclitaxel (Abraxane
® ). In: Albumin med.
Springer Singapore, Singapore, pp 101–119
4. Sukriti S, Tauseef M, Yazbeck P, Mehta D
(2014) Mechanisms regulating endothelial
permeability. Pulm Circ 4:535–551
5. Zhang B, Hu Y, Pang Z (2017) Modulating
the tumor microenvironment to enhance
tumor nanomedicine delivery. Front Pharmacol 8:952
6. Kobayashi H, Watanabe R, Choyke PL (2013)
Improving conventional enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects; what is the
appropriate target? Theranostics 4:81–89
7. Rosenblum D, Joshi N, Tao W, Karp JM, Peer
D (2018) Progress and challenges towards
targeted delivery of cancer therapeutics. Nat
Commun 9:1410
8. Belfiorea L, Saundersb DN, Ransona M, Thurechtc KJ, Stormd G, Vinea KL (2018) Towards
clinical translation of ligand-functionalized
liposomes in targeted cancer therapy: challenges and opportunities. J Control Release
277:1–13
9. Sercombe L, Veerati T, Moheimani F, Wu SY,
Sood AK, Hua S (2015) Advances and challenges of liposome assisted drug delivery. Front
Pharmacol 6:286
10. Li Y-J, Wu J-Y, Hu X-B, Wang J-M, Xiang D-X
(2019) Autologous cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles as drug-delivery systems: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical
findings and translational implications. Nanomedicine 14:493–509
11. Chong SY, Lee CK, Huang C et al (2019)
Extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular diseases:
alternative biomarker sources, therapeutic
agents, and drug delivery carriers. Int J Mol
Sci 20:3272
12. Bunggulawa EJ, Wang W, Yin T, Wang N,
Durkan C, Wang Y, Wang G (2018) Recent
advancements in the use of exosomes as drug
delivery systems. J Nanobiotechnol 16:81
Exosome-Mimetics For Drug Delivery
167
the cell/cuvette into the machine. For detailed instructions for
different types of cuvettes, please refer to the Malvern user
manual.
(https://www.malvernpanalytical.com/en/learn/
knowledge-center/user-manuals/MAN0485EN)
16. We used the BCA assay to indirectly quantify the amount of
surface proteins present on the CDNs [38], which serves as an
indicator for the quantity of CDNs. The detailed instruction of
how to perform the assay can be found at the supplier’s website.
(https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/prod
uct/23225)
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the National University of Singapore
(NUS) for financial support (grant C-141-000-097-001),
A-STAR SERC for financial support (grant number:
152 80 00046 (R-148-000-222-305)), IAF-PP (grant number
A20G1a0046, R-148-000-307-305) and the Ministry of Education Singapore (MOE) for financial support (grant R148-000-267114, R-148-000-284-114 and R-148-000-296-114).
References
1. Tiwari G, Tiwari R, Sriwastawa B, Bhati L,
Pandey S, Pandey P, Bannerjee SK (2012)
Drug delivery systems: an updated review. Int
J Pharm Investig 2:2–11
2. Bulbake U, Doppalapudi S, Kommineni N,
Khan W (2017) Liposomal formulations in
clinical use: an updated review. Pharmaceutics
9.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
pharmaceutics9020012
3. Desai N (2016) Nanoparticle albumin-bound
paclitaxel (Abraxane
® ). In: Albumin med.
Springer Singapore, Singapore, pp 101–119
4. Sukriti S, Tauseef M, Yazbeck P, Mehta D
(2014) Mechanisms regulating endothelial
permeability. Pulm Circ 4:535–551
5. Zhang B, Hu Y, Pang Z (2017) Modulating
the tumor microenvironment to enhance
tumor nanomedicine delivery. Front Pharmacol 8:952
6. Kobayashi H, Watanabe R, Choyke PL (2013)
Improving conventional enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects; what is the
appropriate target? Theranostics 4:81–89
7. Rosenblum D, Joshi N, Tao W, Karp JM, Peer
D (2018) Progress and challenges towards
targeted delivery of cancer therapeutics. Nat
Commun 9:1410
8. Belfiorea L, Saundersb DN, Ransona M, Thurechtc KJ, Stormd G, Vinea KL (2018) Towards
clinical translation of ligand-functionalized
liposomes in targeted cancer therapy: challenges and opportunities. J Control Release
277:1–13
9. Sercombe L, Veerati T, Moheimani F, Wu SY,
Sood AK, Hua S (2015) Advances and challenges of liposome assisted drug delivery. Front
Pharmacol 6:286
10. Li Y-J, Wu J-Y, Hu X-B, Wang J-M, Xiang D-X
(2019) Autologous cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles as drug-delivery systems: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical
findings and translational implications. Nanomedicine 14:493–509
11. Chong SY, Lee CK, Huang C et al (2019)
Extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular diseases:
alternative biomarker sources, therapeutic
agents, and drug delivery carriers. Int J Mol
Sci 20:3272
12. Bunggulawa EJ, Wang W, Yin T, Wang N,
Durkan C, Wang Y, Wang G (2018) Recent
advancements in the use of exosomes as drug
delivery systems. J Nanobiotechnol 16:81
Exosome-Mimetics For Drug Delivery
167