1 Astrophysical Constraints on Dense Matter in Neutron Stars
39
Acknowledgments This work was supported in part by NSF grant AST0708424, by NASA ATP
grants NNX08AH29G and NNX12AG29G, and by grant number 230349 from the Simons Foundation. We appreciate helpful suggestions from Didier Barret, Paulo Bedaque, Sudip Bhattacharyya,
David Blaschke, Tom Cohen, Peter Jonker, Fred Lamb, Jim Lattimer, Simin Mahmoodifar, Ilya
Mandel, Dany Page, Bettina Posselt, Scott Ransom, Ingrid Stairs, and Natalie Webb. We also thank
the referee for a highly constructive report.
References
1. J. Aasi, J. Abadie, B.P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T.D. Abbott, M.R. Abernathy, C. Adams, T. Adams,
P. Addesso, R.X. Adhikari et al. Enhanced sensitivity of the LIGO gravitational wave detector
by using squeezed states of light. Nat. Photonics 7, 613–619 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/
nphoton.2013.177
2. J. Abadie, B.P. Abbott, R. Abbott, M. Abernathy, T. Accadia, F. Acernese, C. Adams,
R. Adhikari, P. Ajith, B. Allen et al. TOPICAL REVIEW: predictions for the rates of compact
binary coalescences observable by ground-based gravitational-wave detectors. Classical
Quantum Gravity 27(17), 173001 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/27/17/173001
3. S. Abrahamyan et al. Measurement of the Neutron Radius of Pb208 through parity violation
in electron scattering. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108(11), 112502 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1103/
PhysRevLett.108.112502
4. A. Akmal, V.R. Pandharipande, D.G. Ravenhall, Equation of state of nucleon matter
and neutron star structure. Phys. Rev. C 58, 1804–1828 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1103/
PhysRevC.58.1804
5. C. Alcock, A. Illarionov, The surface chemistry of stars. I – Diffusion of heavy ions in white
dwarf envelopes. II – Fractionated accretion of interstellar matter. Astrophys. J. 235, 534–553
(1980). https://doi.org/10.1086/157656
6. M.G. Alford, A. Schmitt, K. Rajagopal, T. Schäfer, Color superconductivity in dense quark
matter. Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1455–1515 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.80.
1455
7. M.A. Alpar, A.F. Cheng, M.A. Ruderman, J. Shaham, A new class of radio pulsars. Nature
300, 728–730 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1038/300728a0
8. D. Altamirano, A. Watts, M. Linares, C.B. Markwardt, T. Strohmayer, A. Patruno, Type I Xray bursts and burst oscillations in the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar IGR J17511-3057.
Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 409, 1136–1145 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.
17369.x
9. N. Andersson, A new class of unstable modes of rotating relativistic stars. Astrophys. J. 502,
708 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1086/305919
10. N. Andersson, K. Kokkotas, B.F. Schutz, Gravitational radiation limit on the spin of young
neutron stars. Astrophys. J., 510, 846–853 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1086/306625
11. J. Antoniadis, P.C.C. Freire, N. Wex, T.M. Tauris, R.S. Lynch, M.H. van Kerkwijk,
M. Kramer, C. Bassa, V.S. Dhillon, T. Driebe, J.W.T. Hessels, V.M. Kaspi, V.I. Kondratiev,
N. Langer, T.R. Marsh, M.A. McLaughlin, T.T. Pennucci, S.M. Ransom, I.H. Stairs, J. van
Leeuwen, J.P.W. Verbiest, D.G. Whelan, A massive pulsar in a compact relativistic binary.
Science 340, 448 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1233232
12. R. Artigue, D. Barret, F.K. Lamb, K.H. Lo, M.C. Miller, Testing the rotating hotspot model
using X-ray burst oscillations from 4U 1636-536. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. Lett. 433, L64–
L68 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slt059
13. Y. Avni, Mass estimates from optical-light curves for binary X-ray sources, in Physics and
Astrophysics of Neutron Stars and Black Holes, ed. by R. Giacconi, R. Ruffini (North Holland
Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1978), pp. 43–62
39
Acknowledgments This work was supported in part by NSF grant AST0708424, by NASA ATP
grants NNX08AH29G and NNX12AG29G, and by grant number 230349 from the Simons Foundation. We appreciate helpful suggestions from Didier Barret, Paulo Bedaque, Sudip Bhattacharyya,
David Blaschke, Tom Cohen, Peter Jonker, Fred Lamb, Jim Lattimer, Simin Mahmoodifar, Ilya
Mandel, Dany Page, Bettina Posselt, Scott Ransom, Ingrid Stairs, and Natalie Webb. We also thank
the referee for a highly constructive report.
References
1. J. Aasi, J. Abadie, B.P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T.D. Abbott, M.R. Abernathy, C. Adams, T. Adams,
P. Addesso, R.X. Adhikari et al. Enhanced sensitivity of the LIGO gravitational wave detector
by using squeezed states of light. Nat. Photonics 7, 613–619 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/
nphoton.2013.177
2. J. Abadie, B.P. Abbott, R. Abbott, M. Abernathy, T. Accadia, F. Acernese, C. Adams,
R. Adhikari, P. Ajith, B. Allen et al. TOPICAL REVIEW: predictions for the rates of compact
binary coalescences observable by ground-based gravitational-wave detectors. Classical
Quantum Gravity 27(17), 173001 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/27/17/173001
3. S. Abrahamyan et al. Measurement of the Neutron Radius of Pb208 through parity violation
in electron scattering. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108(11), 112502 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1103/
PhysRevLett.108.112502
4. A. Akmal, V.R. Pandharipande, D.G. Ravenhall, Equation of state of nucleon matter
and neutron star structure. Phys. Rev. C 58, 1804–1828 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1103/
PhysRevC.58.1804
5. C. Alcock, A. Illarionov, The surface chemistry of stars. I – Diffusion of heavy ions in white
dwarf envelopes. II – Fractionated accretion of interstellar matter. Astrophys. J. 235, 534–553
(1980). https://doi.org/10.1086/157656
6. M.G. Alford, A. Schmitt, K. Rajagopal, T. Schäfer, Color superconductivity in dense quark
matter. Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1455–1515 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.80.
1455
7. M.A. Alpar, A.F. Cheng, M.A. Ruderman, J. Shaham, A new class of radio pulsars. Nature
300, 728–730 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1038/300728a0
8. D. Altamirano, A. Watts, M. Linares, C.B. Markwardt, T. Strohmayer, A. Patruno, Type I Xray bursts and burst oscillations in the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar IGR J17511-3057.
Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 409, 1136–1145 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.
17369.x
9. N. Andersson, A new class of unstable modes of rotating relativistic stars. Astrophys. J. 502,
708 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1086/305919
10. N. Andersson, K. Kokkotas, B.F. Schutz, Gravitational radiation limit on the spin of young
neutron stars. Astrophys. J., 510, 846–853 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1086/306625
11. J. Antoniadis, P.C.C. Freire, N. Wex, T.M. Tauris, R.S. Lynch, M.H. van Kerkwijk,
M. Kramer, C. Bassa, V.S. Dhillon, T. Driebe, J.W.T. Hessels, V.M. Kaspi, V.I. Kondratiev,
N. Langer, T.R. Marsh, M.A. McLaughlin, T.T. Pennucci, S.M. Ransom, I.H. Stairs, J. van
Leeuwen, J.P.W. Verbiest, D.G. Whelan, A massive pulsar in a compact relativistic binary.
Science 340, 448 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1233232
12. R. Artigue, D. Barret, F.K. Lamb, K.H. Lo, M.C. Miller, Testing the rotating hotspot model
using X-ray burst oscillations from 4U 1636-536. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. Lett. 433, L64–
L68 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slt059
13. Y. Avni, Mass estimates from optical-light curves for binary X-ray sources, in Physics and
Astrophysics of Neutron Stars and Black Holes, ed. by R. Giacconi, R. Ruffini (North Holland
Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1978), pp. 43–62