1.9 Introduction to the Famous Scientists
81
Ricci (Curbastro Gregorio, 1853.1.12–1925.8.6) Italian mathematician. Born in
Lugo, died in Bologna. In 1869 entering the University of Rome to study, studying
at the University of Bologna in 1872, Studied at the Advanced Normal School of
Pisa in 1873, received a doctor’s degree in 1875. From 1877 to 1778 served as a
visiting scholar in Munich, Germany. Since in December 1880 Served as a mathematical physics professor at the University of Padova for 45 years. In differential
and integral calculus, Riemannian geometry, real number theory, advanced algebra,
etc. all made a contribution to some extent. Created an absolute differential calculus
between 1884 and 1894, Einstein called it tensor analysis in 1916. Published the
intrinsic geometry paper in 1896, had done further work to the application of the
line congruence and absolute differential on arbitrary Riemannian manifold, found
the contracted tensor which plays an important role in the general theory of relativity, namely the Ricci tensor. In 1900 published important paper with his student
Levi–Civita (Tullio, 1873.3.29–1941.12.20) Méthodes de calcul differential absolu
et leurs applications, thoroughly discussed the absolute differential calculus and its
applications in analysis, geometry, mechanics and physics.
Hölder (Otto Ludwig, 1859.12.22–1937.8.29) German mathematician. Born in
Stuttgart, died in Leipzig. Entered the University of Berlin to study in 1877, got
a doctor of science degree from the University of Tübingen in 1882, obtained a
Ph.D. from the University of Göttingen in 1884. Served as a teacher at the University of Göttingen in 1884, an associate professor at the University of Tübingen in
1889, a professor at the University of Könisberg in 1894, a professor at the University of Leipzig in 1899. Was elected the communication member of the Bavarian
Academy of Sciences in 1827. Made the contributions to algebra, analysis, potential theory, function theory, series theory, group theory, number theory, geometry
and foundation of mathematics etc. many aspects. The Hölder inequality and Hölder
integral inequality proposed by him plays an important role in mathematical analysis
and functional analysis. Demonstrated that the Hamilton variational principle is also
effective for nonholonomic system. The works had Anschauung und Denken in der
Geometrie (1900) and Die mathematische Methode (1924) etc.
Young (William Henry, 1863.10.20–1942.7.7) British mathematician. born in
London, Died in Lausanne, Switzerland. Successively studied at the University of
Cambridge and University of Göttingen. Had took a teaching job at the Calcutta
University of India from 1913 to 1917, was a part-time professor in University
of Liverpool from 1913 to 1919, served as a professor at the University of Wales
in Aberystwyth from 1919 to 1923. Was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in
1907. The research work involved in mathematical analysis, real variable function theory and theory of trigonometric series etc. Proved the Young–Hausdorff
(Felix, 1868.11.8–1942.1.26) theorem and Young criterion, also proved the Young
inequality, they all have a series of generalization. In 1906 The Theory of Sets of Points
co-authored with his lady Grace Chrisholm Young was the first book demonstrating
the Cantor (Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philip, 1845.3.3–1918.1.6) set theory. The
works had also The First Book of Geometry (1905) and The Fundamental Theorems
of the Differential Calculus (1910).
81
Ricci (Curbastro Gregorio, 1853.1.12–1925.8.6) Italian mathematician. Born in
Lugo, died in Bologna. In 1869 entering the University of Rome to study, studying
at the University of Bologna in 1872, Studied at the Advanced Normal School of
Pisa in 1873, received a doctor’s degree in 1875. From 1877 to 1778 served as a
visiting scholar in Munich, Germany. Since in December 1880 Served as a mathematical physics professor at the University of Padova for 45 years. In differential
and integral calculus, Riemannian geometry, real number theory, advanced algebra,
etc. all made a contribution to some extent. Created an absolute differential calculus
between 1884 and 1894, Einstein called it tensor analysis in 1916. Published the
intrinsic geometry paper in 1896, had done further work to the application of the
line congruence and absolute differential on arbitrary Riemannian manifold, found
the contracted tensor which plays an important role in the general theory of relativity, namely the Ricci tensor. In 1900 published important paper with his student
Levi–Civita (Tullio, 1873.3.29–1941.12.20) Méthodes de calcul differential absolu
et leurs applications, thoroughly discussed the absolute differential calculus and its
applications in analysis, geometry, mechanics and physics.
Hölder (Otto Ludwig, 1859.12.22–1937.8.29) German mathematician. Born in
Stuttgart, died in Leipzig. Entered the University of Berlin to study in 1877, got
a doctor of science degree from the University of Tübingen in 1882, obtained a
Ph.D. from the University of Göttingen in 1884. Served as a teacher at the University of Göttingen in 1884, an associate professor at the University of Tübingen in
1889, a professor at the University of Könisberg in 1894, a professor at the University of Leipzig in 1899. Was elected the communication member of the Bavarian
Academy of Sciences in 1827. Made the contributions to algebra, analysis, potential theory, function theory, series theory, group theory, number theory, geometry
and foundation of mathematics etc. many aspects. The Hölder inequality and Hölder
integral inequality proposed by him plays an important role in mathematical analysis
and functional analysis. Demonstrated that the Hamilton variational principle is also
effective for nonholonomic system. The works had Anschauung und Denken in der
Geometrie (1900) and Die mathematische Methode (1924) etc.
Young (William Henry, 1863.10.20–1942.7.7) British mathematician. born in
London, Died in Lausanne, Switzerland. Successively studied at the University of
Cambridge and University of Göttingen. Had took a teaching job at the Calcutta
University of India from 1913 to 1917, was a part-time professor in University
of Liverpool from 1913 to 1919, served as a professor at the University of Wales
in Aberystwyth from 1919 to 1923. Was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in
1907. The research work involved in mathematical analysis, real variable function theory and theory of trigonometric series etc. Proved the Young–Hausdorff
(Felix, 1868.11.8–1942.1.26) theorem and Young criterion, also proved the Young
inequality, they all have a series of generalization. In 1906 The Theory of Sets of Points
co-authored with his lady Grace Chrisholm Young was the first book demonstrating
the Cantor (Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philip, 1845.3.3–1918.1.6) set theory. The
works had also The First Book of Geometry (1905) and The Fundamental Theorems
of the Differential Calculus (1910).