76
1 Preliminaries
for the perspective drawing aspect, published Linear Perspective in 1715 and New
Principles of Linear Perspective in 1719. In addition, also wrote the posthumous
work of philosophy, published in 1793.
Lagrange (Joseph Louis Comte de, 1736.1.25–1813.4.10) French mathematician,
mechanician and astronomer, the founder of analytical mechanics. Born in Turin,
Italy, died in Paris. Served for the professor of mathematics of Turin artillery school
in 1755, was elected the Berlin Academy of Sciences in 1759. Was elected the
academician of the French Academy of Sciences in 1772. Was elected the honorary
academician of Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1776. Served as dean of
the Berlin Academy of Sciences in 1776-1787. Was elected a Fellow of the Royal
Society and a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1806. In
mathematical analysis, algebraic equation theory, calculus of variations, probability
theory, differential equations, analytical mechanics, celestial mechanics, number
theory, spherical astronomy and cartography etc. all had achieved important positive results. Had written Recherches sur la Libration de la Lune (1764), Mécanique
Analytique (1788, 1881), Théorie des fonctions analytiques (1797), Leçons sur le
calcul des fonctions (1801, 1806), and Oeuvres de Lagrange (1867–1892) etc. In
the history of mathematics is considered to be one of the mathematicians having a
comprehensive impact on the development of analytic mathematics.
Laplace (Pierre Simon Marquis de, 1749.3.23–1827.3.5) French mathematician,
physicist and astronomer. Born Beaumont-en-Auge in Normandy, died in Paris. Since
1767, had served as a professor in many colleges and universities. In 1785 was elected
the member of the French Academy of Sciences, became a member of the Royal
Society in 1789. Entered the college of France in 1816, the following year served as
the dean. The main founder of celestial mechanics, one of the founders of celestial
evolution theory, the founder of probability theory analysis, the pioneer of applied
mathematics and thermochemistry. Published hundreds of papers, had written the
Théorie analytique des probabilités (1812). In 1796 published Exposition du système
du monde, proposed independently the nebular hypothesis of the origin of the solar
system, later people called Kant (Immanuel, 1724.4.22–1804.2.12)-Laplace nebular
theory. From 1799 to 1825, published in succession five big volume monumental
works Mécanique Céleste. Used extensively the Laplace equation, Laplace transform
and generating function etc. mathematical apparatus in the book. For studying the
dynamics problem of stability of the solar system, was acclaimed as the French
Newton and the father of celestial mechanics.
Gauss (Johann Carl Friedrich, 1777.4.30–1855.2.23) German mathematician,
astronomer and physicist. Born in Brunswick, died in Göttingen. In 1799 received
his doctor’s degree of University of Helmstedt. From 1807 until his death in 1855,
had been a professor of Göttingen University and director of the Göttingen observatory. In 1804 was elected the member of the Royal Society, was also the member of
the French Academy of Sciences and many other academies of sciences. The mathematics achievement spread all over fields, in number theory, higher algebra, nonEuclidean geometry, differential geometry, hypergeometric series, complex function
1 Preliminaries
for the perspective drawing aspect, published Linear Perspective in 1715 and New
Principles of Linear Perspective in 1719. In addition, also wrote the posthumous
work of philosophy, published in 1793.
Lagrange (Joseph Louis Comte de, 1736.1.25–1813.4.10) French mathematician,
mechanician and astronomer, the founder of analytical mechanics. Born in Turin,
Italy, died in Paris. Served for the professor of mathematics of Turin artillery school
in 1755, was elected the Berlin Academy of Sciences in 1759. Was elected the
academician of the French Academy of Sciences in 1772. Was elected the honorary
academician of Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1776. Served as dean of
the Berlin Academy of Sciences in 1776-1787. Was elected a Fellow of the Royal
Society and a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1806. In
mathematical analysis, algebraic equation theory, calculus of variations, probability
theory, differential equations, analytical mechanics, celestial mechanics, number
theory, spherical astronomy and cartography etc. all had achieved important positive results. Had written Recherches sur la Libration de la Lune (1764), Mécanique
Analytique (1788, 1881), Théorie des fonctions analytiques (1797), Leçons sur le
calcul des fonctions (1801, 1806), and Oeuvres de Lagrange (1867–1892) etc. In
the history of mathematics is considered to be one of the mathematicians having a
comprehensive impact on the development of analytic mathematics.
Laplace (Pierre Simon Marquis de, 1749.3.23–1827.3.5) French mathematician,
physicist and astronomer. Born Beaumont-en-Auge in Normandy, died in Paris. Since
1767, had served as a professor in many colleges and universities. In 1785 was elected
the member of the French Academy of Sciences, became a member of the Royal
Society in 1789. Entered the college of France in 1816, the following year served as
the dean. The main founder of celestial mechanics, one of the founders of celestial
evolution theory, the founder of probability theory analysis, the pioneer of applied
mathematics and thermochemistry. Published hundreds of papers, had written the
Théorie analytique des probabilités (1812). In 1796 published Exposition du système
du monde, proposed independently the nebular hypothesis of the origin of the solar
system, later people called Kant (Immanuel, 1724.4.22–1804.2.12)-Laplace nebular
theory. From 1799 to 1825, published in succession five big volume monumental
works Mécanique Céleste. Used extensively the Laplace equation, Laplace transform
and generating function etc. mathematical apparatus in the book. For studying the
dynamics problem of stability of the solar system, was acclaimed as the French
Newton and the father of celestial mechanics.
Gauss (Johann Carl Friedrich, 1777.4.30–1855.2.23) German mathematician,
astronomer and physicist. Born in Brunswick, died in Göttingen. In 1799 received
his doctor’s degree of University of Helmstedt. From 1807 until his death in 1855,
had been a professor of Göttingen University and director of the Göttingen observatory. In 1804 was elected the member of the Royal Society, was also the member of
the French Academy of Sciences and many other academies of sciences. The mathematics achievement spread all over fields, in number theory, higher algebra, nonEuclidean geometry, differential geometry, hypergeometric series, complex function