504
8 Direct Methods of Variational Problems
internal combustion engine in 1902, and built the “Bars” submarine in 1912. The
book Ctpoitellna mexanika kopabll authored between 1912 and 1914 was the
unique work with the strict scientism and integrity at that time. His theory was widely
applied in the design of the strategic ship from 1908 to 1910. The works also had
Cpyck cydna na vody (1900), O nepotopllemocti cydov (1901) and Tpydy po
teopii plactin (1953) etc.
Ritz (Walther, 1878.2.22–1909.7.7) Swiss mathematician and theoretical physicist.
Born in Sion, died in Göttingen. Entered the Zürich Federation Industrial University
in 1897, transferred to the University of Göttingen in 1901, received a doctor’s
degree in 1902. Later worked at the university and laboratory of Bonn, Zürich and
Paris etc. Went to work at the University of Göttingen in 1908, served as unpaid
lecturer in 1909, he was dead of ill after a few months. Mainly engaged in the
research of equations of mathematical physics and numerical analysis, In 1904 the
French Academy of Sciences set up a prize to solve the partial differential equation
2 u = f (x, y), he gave the solution with the Ritz method. Because his method was
very effective, was widely used immediately, to solve the problems of approximate
solution in calculus of variations and some boundary problems in analytic theory. In
1908 the “combination rule” of spectral line frequencies proposed by him is the basic
rule of spectrum analysis. Wrote 18 papers in all, published his complete works in
Paris in 1911.
Schrödinger (Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander, 1887.8.12–1961.1.4) Austrian physicist. Born in Vienna, died in Alpbach. Received a doctor’s degree in philosophy at
the University of Vienna in 1910, then worked at the second institute of physics in
the University, had served in the army during the First World War, went on with
his work at the second institute of physics after the war. Later after short-term
working at the University of Stuttgart and University of Breslau work, served as
a professor at the University of Zürich in 1921. Served as a professor at the Friedrich
Wilhelm University in Berlin. Served as a professor at the University of Graz in
1936. Go to be engaged in research work in Dublin, Ireland in 1939. Return to
Austria as a professor at the University of Vienna in 1956. Mainly researched mathematical physics, theory of relativity and atomic physics, the main contribution was
quantum mechanics. Founded wave mechanics in 1926, proposed the Schrödinger
equation, determined the change law of wave function. Won the Nobel Prize for
physics with Dirac in 1933. The works had Vier Vorlesungen über Wellenmechanik
(1928), Statistical Thermodynamics (1945, 1989), Space-Time Structure (1950) and
The interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (1995) etc.
Trefftz (Erich Immanuel, 1888.2.21–1937.1.21) German mathematician and engineer. Born in Leipzig, died in Dresden. Studied at the Columbia University from
1909 to 1910. Obtained a doctor’s degree from the Universität Straßburg in 1914.
Served as a professor at the Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen
in 1919, Served as a professor at the Technische Universität Dresden in 1922. Mainly
researched analytics, aerodynamics and theory of elasticity. Had carried out the fluid
mechanics research on an airplane wing, deduced the equation of airplane wing under
8 Direct Methods of Variational Problems
internal combustion engine in 1902, and built the “Bars” submarine in 1912. The
book Ctpoitellna mexanika kopabll authored between 1912 and 1914 was the
unique work with the strict scientism and integrity at that time. His theory was widely
applied in the design of the strategic ship from 1908 to 1910. The works also had
Cpyck cydna na vody (1900), O nepotopllemocti cydov (1901) and Tpydy po
teopii plactin (1953) etc.
Ritz (Walther, 1878.2.22–1909.7.7) Swiss mathematician and theoretical physicist.
Born in Sion, died in Göttingen. Entered the Zürich Federation Industrial University
in 1897, transferred to the University of Göttingen in 1901, received a doctor’s
degree in 1902. Later worked at the university and laboratory of Bonn, Zürich and
Paris etc. Went to work at the University of Göttingen in 1908, served as unpaid
lecturer in 1909, he was dead of ill after a few months. Mainly engaged in the
research of equations of mathematical physics and numerical analysis, In 1904 the
French Academy of Sciences set up a prize to solve the partial differential equation
2 u = f (x, y), he gave the solution with the Ritz method. Because his method was
very effective, was widely used immediately, to solve the problems of approximate
solution in calculus of variations and some boundary problems in analytic theory. In
1908 the “combination rule” of spectral line frequencies proposed by him is the basic
rule of spectrum analysis. Wrote 18 papers in all, published his complete works in
Paris in 1911.
Schrödinger (Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander, 1887.8.12–1961.1.4) Austrian physicist. Born in Vienna, died in Alpbach. Received a doctor’s degree in philosophy at
the University of Vienna in 1910, then worked at the second institute of physics in
the University, had served in the army during the First World War, went on with
his work at the second institute of physics after the war. Later after short-term
working at the University of Stuttgart and University of Breslau work, served as
a professor at the University of Zürich in 1921. Served as a professor at the Friedrich
Wilhelm University in Berlin. Served as a professor at the University of Graz in
1936. Go to be engaged in research work in Dublin, Ireland in 1939. Return to
Austria as a professor at the University of Vienna in 1956. Mainly researched mathematical physics, theory of relativity and atomic physics, the main contribution was
quantum mechanics. Founded wave mechanics in 1926, proposed the Schrödinger
equation, determined the change law of wave function. Won the Nobel Prize for
physics with Dirac in 1933. The works had Vier Vorlesungen über Wellenmechanik
(1928), Statistical Thermodynamics (1945, 1989), Space-Time Structure (1950) and
The interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (1995) etc.
Trefftz (Erich Immanuel, 1888.2.21–1937.1.21) German mathematician and engineer. Born in Leipzig, died in Dresden. Studied at the Columbia University from
1909 to 1910. Obtained a doctor’s degree from the Universität Straßburg in 1914.
Served as a professor at the Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen
in 1919, Served as a professor at the Technische Universität Dresden in 1922. Mainly
researched analytics, aerodynamics and theory of elasticity. Had carried out the fluid
mechanics research on an airplane wing, deduced the equation of airplane wing under