24
R. Rüffer and A. I. Chumakov
a single exponential in the entire solid angle covered by the ‘4π’-detector (detector
NIS). In practice only a solid angle of about π can be achieved.
1.3.6.2 Inelastic X-Ray Scattering with Nuclear Resonance Analysis
NIS needs the Mössbauer isotope in the sample. Phonons in samples not containing
Mössbauer isotopes may be studied with “Nuclear Resonance Energy Analysis of
Inelastic X-Ray Scattering” (IXSNRA) [75]. In this case the set-up resembles the
classical three-axes-spectrometer for inelastic scattering experiments consisting of
the monochromator, sample, and analyzer. Nevertheless, the set-up looks like that
for NIS (see Fig. 1.7 NIS). However, the (energy) analysis is now carried out with
a “resonance detector” containing the Mössbauer isotope as a high-resolution analyzer.
1.3.7 Other Techniques
There exist some other techniques and extensions related to NRS. They can not
be discussed here in detail, however, for further reading they are cited (the first
publication) in the following.
Everything started with Nuclear Bragg Diffraction [8], however, little has been
done during the past decades [76–78].
Several techniques have been developed in order to overcome the need for highresolution x-ray optics and for dedicated timing modes such as the lighthouse
effect [79, 80], stroboscopic detection of nuclear resonance [81], polarimetry [82–
84], μeV-resolved spectroscopy [85].
1.4 Hyperfine Spectroscopy
Hyperfine spectroscopy, i.e., the investigation of electric and magnetic properties, can
be carried out with the SMS, SRMS, NFS, and SRPAC. The SMS and (partly) SRMS,
like the conventional Mössbauer source, probes with its narrow energy bandwidth
the nuclear hyperfine splitting of the levels one by one in the energy domain whereas
NFS and SRPAC are spectroscopies in the time domain. NFS, as a coherent scattering
process, gives access to the splitting of all nuclear levels, ground and excited, due to
interference in the time spectra. In contrast SRPAC, as an incoherent single nucleus
scattering process, only gives access to the splitting of the intermediate nuclear level,
i.e., the excited one.
R. Rüffer and A. I. Chumakov
a single exponential in the entire solid angle covered by the ‘4π’-detector (detector
NIS). In practice only a solid angle of about π can be achieved.
1.3.6.2 Inelastic X-Ray Scattering with Nuclear Resonance Analysis
NIS needs the Mössbauer isotope in the sample. Phonons in samples not containing
Mössbauer isotopes may be studied with “Nuclear Resonance Energy Analysis of
Inelastic X-Ray Scattering” (IXSNRA) [75]. In this case the set-up resembles the
classical three-axes-spectrometer for inelastic scattering experiments consisting of
the monochromator, sample, and analyzer. Nevertheless, the set-up looks like that
for NIS (see Fig. 1.7 NIS). However, the (energy) analysis is now carried out with
a “resonance detector” containing the Mössbauer isotope as a high-resolution analyzer.
1.3.7 Other Techniques
There exist some other techniques and extensions related to NRS. They can not
be discussed here in detail, however, for further reading they are cited (the first
publication) in the following.
Everything started with Nuclear Bragg Diffraction [8], however, little has been
done during the past decades [76–78].
Several techniques have been developed in order to overcome the need for highresolution x-ray optics and for dedicated timing modes such as the lighthouse
effect [79, 80], stroboscopic detection of nuclear resonance [81], polarimetry [82–
84], μeV-resolved spectroscopy [85].
1.4 Hyperfine Spectroscopy
Hyperfine spectroscopy, i.e., the investigation of electric and magnetic properties, can
be carried out with the SMS, SRMS, NFS, and SRPAC. The SMS and (partly) SRMS,
like the conventional Mössbauer source, probes with its narrow energy bandwidth
the nuclear hyperfine splitting of the levels one by one in the energy domain whereas
NFS and SRPAC are spectroscopies in the time domain. NFS, as a coherent scattering
process, gives access to the splitting of all nuclear levels, ground and excited, due to
interference in the time spectra. In contrast SRPAC, as an incoherent single nucleus
scattering process, only gives access to the splitting of the intermediate nuclear level,
i.e., the excited one.