50. Amamoto Y et al (2011) Repeatable photoinduced self-healing of covalently cross-linked
polymers through reshuffling of trithiocarbonate units. Angew Chem Int Ed 50:1660–1663
51. Imato K et al (2012) Self-healing of chemical gels cross-linked by diarylbibenzofuranone-based
trigger-free dynamic covalent bonds at room temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed 51:1138–1142
52. Ihsan AB et al (2013) A phase diagram of neutral polyampholyte-from solution to tough
hydrogel. J Mater Chem B 1:4555–4562
53. Karobi SN et al (2016) Creep behavior and delayed fracture of tough polyampholyte hydrogels
by tensile test. Macromolecules 49:5630–5636
54. Long R et al (2014) Time dependent behavior of a dual cross-link self-healing gel: theory and
experiments. Macromolecules 47:7243–7250
55. Guo J et al (2016) Mechanics of a dual cross-link gel with dynamic bonds: steady state kinetics
and large deformation effects. Macromolecules 49:3497–3507
56. Stukalin EB et al (2013) Self-healing of unentangled polymer networks with reversible bonds.
Macromolecules 46(18):7525–7541
57. Ihsan AB et al (2016) Self-healing behaviors of tough polyampholyte hydrogels. Macromolecules 49:4245–4252
58. Sun TL et al (2015) Molecular structure of self-healing polyampholyte hydrogels analyzed from
tensile behaviors. Soft Matter 11:9355–9366
59. Sun TL et al (2017) Bulk energy dissipation mechanism for the fracture of tough and selfhealing hydrogels. Macromolecules 50:2923–2931
60. Luo F et al (2014) Crack blunting and advancing behaviors of tough and self-healing
polyampholyte hydrogel. Macromolecules 47:6037–6046
61. Mayumi K et al (2013) Stress-strain relationship of highly stretchable dual cross-link gels:
separability of strain and time effect. ACS Macro Lett 2(12):1065–1068
62. Lake GJ, Thomas AG (1967) The strength of highly elastic materials. Proc R Soc London Ser A
Math Phys Sci 300:108–119
63. Cui K et al (2018) Multiscale energy dissipation mechanism in tough and self-healing
hydrogels. Phys Rev Lett 121:185501
64. Bauer AM, Russell AP, Shadwick RE (1989) Mechanical properties and morphological correlates of fragile skin in gekkonid lizards. J Exp Biol 145:79–102
65. Taylor D et al (2012) The fracture toughness of soft tissues. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater
6:139–147
66. Sun TL, Cui K, Gong JP (2017) Tough, self-recovery and self-healing polyampholyte. Polym
Sci Ser C 59(1):11–17
67. Zhang Y et al (2018) Polyampholyte hydrogels with pH modulated shape memory and
spontaneous actuation. Adv Funct Mater 28(18):1707245
68. Li X et al (2017) Flexible and self-healing aqueous supercapacitors for low temperature
applications: polyampholyte gel electrolytes with biochar electrodes. Sci Rep 7:1685
69. Li X et al (2018) Low-temperature ionic conductivity enhanced by disrupted ice formation in
polyampholyte hydrogels. Macromolecules 51(7):2723–2731
70. Roy CK et al (2015) Self-adjustable adhesion of polyampholyte hydrogels. Adv Mater
27:7344–7348
71. Rao P et al (2018) Tough hydrogels with fast, strong, and reversible underwater adhesion based
on a multiscale design. Adv Mater 30(1–8)
72. Huang Y et al (2017) Energy-dissipative matrices enable synergistic toughening in fiber
reinforced soft composites. Adv Funct Mater 27(1–10)
73. King DR et al (2015) Extremely tough composites from fabric reinforced polyampholyte
hydrogels. Mater Horizons 2:584–591
Tough and Self-Healing Hydrogels from Polyampholytes
317
polymers through reshuffling of trithiocarbonate units. Angew Chem Int Ed 50:1660–1663
51. Imato K et al (2012) Self-healing of chemical gels cross-linked by diarylbibenzofuranone-based
trigger-free dynamic covalent bonds at room temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed 51:1138–1142
52. Ihsan AB et al (2013) A phase diagram of neutral polyampholyte-from solution to tough
hydrogel. J Mater Chem B 1:4555–4562
53. Karobi SN et al (2016) Creep behavior and delayed fracture of tough polyampholyte hydrogels
by tensile test. Macromolecules 49:5630–5636
54. Long R et al (2014) Time dependent behavior of a dual cross-link self-healing gel: theory and
experiments. Macromolecules 47:7243–7250
55. Guo J et al (2016) Mechanics of a dual cross-link gel with dynamic bonds: steady state kinetics
and large deformation effects. Macromolecules 49:3497–3507
56. Stukalin EB et al (2013) Self-healing of unentangled polymer networks with reversible bonds.
Macromolecules 46(18):7525–7541
57. Ihsan AB et al (2016) Self-healing behaviors of tough polyampholyte hydrogels. Macromolecules 49:4245–4252
58. Sun TL et al (2015) Molecular structure of self-healing polyampholyte hydrogels analyzed from
tensile behaviors. Soft Matter 11:9355–9366
59. Sun TL et al (2017) Bulk energy dissipation mechanism for the fracture of tough and selfhealing hydrogels. Macromolecules 50:2923–2931
60. Luo F et al (2014) Crack blunting and advancing behaviors of tough and self-healing
polyampholyte hydrogel. Macromolecules 47:6037–6046
61. Mayumi K et al (2013) Stress-strain relationship of highly stretchable dual cross-link gels:
separability of strain and time effect. ACS Macro Lett 2(12):1065–1068
62. Lake GJ, Thomas AG (1967) The strength of highly elastic materials. Proc R Soc London Ser A
Math Phys Sci 300:108–119
63. Cui K et al (2018) Multiscale energy dissipation mechanism in tough and self-healing
hydrogels. Phys Rev Lett 121:185501
64. Bauer AM, Russell AP, Shadwick RE (1989) Mechanical properties and morphological correlates of fragile skin in gekkonid lizards. J Exp Biol 145:79–102
65. Taylor D et al (2012) The fracture toughness of soft tissues. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater
6:139–147
66. Sun TL, Cui K, Gong JP (2017) Tough, self-recovery and self-healing polyampholyte. Polym
Sci Ser C 59(1):11–17
67. Zhang Y et al (2018) Polyampholyte hydrogels with pH modulated shape memory and
spontaneous actuation. Adv Funct Mater 28(18):1707245
68. Li X et al (2017) Flexible and self-healing aqueous supercapacitors for low temperature
applications: polyampholyte gel electrolytes with biochar electrodes. Sci Rep 7:1685
69. Li X et al (2018) Low-temperature ionic conductivity enhanced by disrupted ice formation in
polyampholyte hydrogels. Macromolecules 51(7):2723–2731
70. Roy CK et al (2015) Self-adjustable adhesion of polyampholyte hydrogels. Adv Mater
27:7344–7348
71. Rao P et al (2018) Tough hydrogels with fast, strong, and reversible underwater adhesion based
on a multiscale design. Adv Mater 30(1–8)
72. Huang Y et al (2017) Energy-dissipative matrices enable synergistic toughening in fiber
reinforced soft composites. Adv Funct Mater 27(1–10)
73. King DR et al (2015) Extremely tough composites from fabric reinforced polyampholyte
hydrogels. Mater Horizons 2:584–591
Tough and Self-Healing Hydrogels from Polyampholytes
317