244
W. Loveland and L. Yao
4 Conclusions
What have we learned from this study? We have extended the systematics of P CN
to cases involving the synthesis of elements 111–118. We have parameterized the
new values of P CN with a simple linear fit that might be useful in predictions of
cross sections for the synthesis of elements 119 and 120. We have compared our
measurements with previous measurements and theoretical predictions.
Acknowledgments This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of
Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under Grant No. DE-SC0014380.
References
1. L. Yao, W. Loveland, Survival-mediated capture and fusion cross sections for heavy element
synthesis. Phys. Rev. C 97, 014608 (2018)
2. W. Loveland, L. Yao, Survival mediated heavy element capture cross sections. EPJA Web Conf.
163, 00033 (2017)
3. Nuclear reactions video project, statistical model of the decay of excited nuclei, nrv.jinr.ru
4. A.V. Ignatyuk, IAEA Report No. INDC(CCP)-233/L, (1985), Unpublished
5. P. Moller, A.J. Sierk, T. Ichikawa, H. Sagawa, Nuclear ground state masses and deformationsFRDN-2012. At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 109–110, 1 (2016)
6. V.I. Zagrebaev, Y. Aritomo, M.G. Itkis, Y.T. Oganessian, M. Ohta, Synthesis of superheavy
nuclei: how accurately can we describe it and calculate the cross sections? Phys. Rev. C 65,
014607 (2007)
7. H.A. Kramers, Brownian motion in a field of force and the diffusion model of chemical
reactions. Physica (Amsterdam) 7, 284 (1940)
8. Ch.E. Duellmann, (private communication)
9. W. Loveland, An experimentalist’s view of the uncertainties in understanding heavy element
synthesis. Eur. J. Phys. A 51, 120 (2015)
10. S. Hofmann et al., New results on elements 111 and 112. Eur. Phys. J. A 14, 147 (2002)
11. C.M. Folden et al., Development of an odd-Z-projectile reaction for heavy element synthesis:
208 Pb( 64 Ni,n) 271 Ds and 208 Pb( 65 Cu,n) 272 111. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 212702 (2004)
12. Y.T. Oganessian et al., Measurement of cross sections and decay properties of the isotopes
of elements 112, 114, and 116 produced in the fusion reactions 233,238 U, 242 Pu and 248 Cm +
48 Ca. Phys. Rev. C 70, 064609 (2004)
13. S. Hofmann et al., The reaction 48 Ca + 238 U→ 286 112 * studied at the GSI-SHIP. Eur. Phys. J.
A 32, 251 (2007)
14. S. Hofmann et al., New results on element 111 and 112. Eur. Phys. J. A 14, 147 (2002)
15. Y.T. Oganessian et al., Synthesis of the isotope 282 113 in the 237 Np + 48 Ca fusion reaction.
Phys. Rev. C 76, 011601 (2007)
16. K. Morita et al., New result in the production and decay of an isotope, 278 113, of the 113 th
element. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 81, 103201 (2012)
17. V.K. Utyonkov et al., Experiments on the synthesis of superheavy nuclei 284 Fl and 285 Fl in the
239,240 Pu + 48 Ca reactions. Phys. Rev. C 92, 034609 (2015)
18. P.A. Ellison et al., New superheavy element isotopes: 242 Pu( 48 Ca, 5n) 285 114. Phys. Rev. Lett.
105, 182701 (2010)
19. C.E. Duellmann et al., Production and decay of element 114: high cross sections and the new
nucleus 277 Hs. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 252701 (2010)
W. Loveland and L. Yao
4 Conclusions
What have we learned from this study? We have extended the systematics of P CN
to cases involving the synthesis of elements 111–118. We have parameterized the
new values of P CN with a simple linear fit that might be useful in predictions of
cross sections for the synthesis of elements 119 and 120. We have compared our
measurements with previous measurements and theoretical predictions.
Acknowledgments This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of
Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under Grant No. DE-SC0014380.
References
1. L. Yao, W. Loveland, Survival-mediated capture and fusion cross sections for heavy element
synthesis. Phys. Rev. C 97, 014608 (2018)
2. W. Loveland, L. Yao, Survival mediated heavy element capture cross sections. EPJA Web Conf.
163, 00033 (2017)
3. Nuclear reactions video project, statistical model of the decay of excited nuclei, nrv.jinr.ru
4. A.V. Ignatyuk, IAEA Report No. INDC(CCP)-233/L, (1985), Unpublished
5. P. Moller, A.J. Sierk, T. Ichikawa, H. Sagawa, Nuclear ground state masses and deformationsFRDN-2012. At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 109–110, 1 (2016)
6. V.I. Zagrebaev, Y. Aritomo, M.G. Itkis, Y.T. Oganessian, M. Ohta, Synthesis of superheavy
nuclei: how accurately can we describe it and calculate the cross sections? Phys. Rev. C 65,
014607 (2007)
7. H.A. Kramers, Brownian motion in a field of force and the diffusion model of chemical
reactions. Physica (Amsterdam) 7, 284 (1940)
8. Ch.E. Duellmann, (private communication)
9. W. Loveland, An experimentalist’s view of the uncertainties in understanding heavy element
synthesis. Eur. J. Phys. A 51, 120 (2015)
10. S. Hofmann et al., New results on elements 111 and 112. Eur. Phys. J. A 14, 147 (2002)
11. C.M. Folden et al., Development of an odd-Z-projectile reaction for heavy element synthesis:
208 Pb( 64 Ni,n) 271 Ds and 208 Pb( 65 Cu,n) 272 111. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 212702 (2004)
12. Y.T. Oganessian et al., Measurement of cross sections and decay properties of the isotopes
of elements 112, 114, and 116 produced in the fusion reactions 233,238 U, 242 Pu and 248 Cm +
48 Ca. Phys. Rev. C 70, 064609 (2004)
13. S. Hofmann et al., The reaction 48 Ca + 238 U→ 286 112 * studied at the GSI-SHIP. Eur. Phys. J.
A 32, 251 (2007)
14. S. Hofmann et al., New results on element 111 and 112. Eur. Phys. J. A 14, 147 (2002)
15. Y.T. Oganessian et al., Synthesis of the isotope 282 113 in the 237 Np + 48 Ca fusion reaction.
Phys. Rev. C 76, 011601 (2007)
16. K. Morita et al., New result in the production and decay of an isotope, 278 113, of the 113 th
element. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 81, 103201 (2012)
17. V.K. Utyonkov et al., Experiments on the synthesis of superheavy nuclei 284 Fl and 285 Fl in the
239,240 Pu + 48 Ca reactions. Phys. Rev. C 92, 034609 (2015)
18. P.A. Ellison et al., New superheavy element isotopes: 242 Pu( 48 Ca, 5n) 285 114. Phys. Rev. Lett.
105, 182701 (2010)
19. C.E. Duellmann et al., Production and decay of element 114: high cross sections and the new
nucleus 277 Hs. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 252701 (2010)