6 Microstructure and Texture in Welding: A Case Study on Friction Stir Welding
225
6.5 Conclusion
This chapter explains the basic principle of the formation of microstructure and
texture in fusion welding, as well as in solid-state welding processes. At the end, the
evolution of microstructure and texture in the FSW process is discussed. A detailed
investigation of crystallographic texture has also been shown to understand the deformation mechanism in the process. Strong correlation does exist between property
and microstructure, as well as texture.
References
1. Kulkarni S, Edwards DJ, Parn EA et al (2018) Evaluation of vehicle lightweighting to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions with focus on magnesium substitution. J Eng Des Technol 16:869–
888. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-03-2018-0042
2. Biswas S, Suwas S (2012) Evolution of sub-micron grain size and weak texture in magnesium
alloy Mg-3Al-0.4Mn by a modified multi-axial forging process. Scr Mater 66:89–92. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.10.008
3. Easterling K (1992) Introduction to physical metallurgy of welding. Butterworth Heinemann
4. Savage WF, Nippes EF, Szekeres ES (1976) Study of weld interface phenomena in a low alloy
steel. Weld Res Suppliment, 260–268
5. Bradley G, James MN (2000) Geometry and microstructure of metal inert gas and friction stir
welded aluminium alloy 5383-H321
6. Callister WD, Rethwisch DG (2010) Materials science and engineering—an introduction, 8th
ed. Wiley, New York
7. Padhy GK, Komizo Y (2013) Diffusible hydrogen in steel weldments-a status review. Trans
JWRI 42:39–62
8. Soonrach R, Poopat B (2016) Effect of oxygen addition in argon/carbon dioxide gas mixture
on metal transfer behavior in gas metal arc welding. Int J Mech Prod Eng 4:2320–2392
9. Francis R, Jones J, Olson D (1990) Effect of shielding gas oxygen activity on weld metal
microstructure of GMA welded microalloyed HSLA steel. Weld J 69:408–415
10. Rehal A, Randhawa JS (2014) Submerged arc welding fluxes-a review. Int J Sci Res 3:230–234.
https://doi.org/10.21275/02014158
11. Yamamoto H, Danno Y, Ito K et al (2018) Weld toe modification using spherical-tip WC
tool FSP in fatigue strength improvement of high-strength low-alloy steel joints. Mater Des
160:1019–1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.10.036
12. Sathiya P, Mishra MK, Shanmugarajan B (2012) Effect of shielding gases on microstructure
and mechanical properties of super austenitic stainless steel by hybrid welding. Mater Des
33:203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.06.065
13. Sugizaki Y, Nakagawa T, Inoue H (2013) Kobelco technology review. Secretariat & Publicity
Dept, Kobe Steel Ltd.
14. Mitra U, Eagar TW (1991) Slag-metal reactions during welding: Part II. Theory. Metall Trans
B 22:73–81
15. Zhong H, Li X, Wang B et al (2019) Hot tearing of 9Cr3Co3W heat-resistant steel during
solidification. Metals (Basel) 9:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9010025
16. Guo X, Bleck W (2008) Delayed cracking in high strength steels. In: Aachener Stahlkolloquium
17. Takechi H (2008) Transformation hardening of steel sheet for automotive applications. JOM
60:22–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-008-0160-6
18. Messler RW (1999) Principles of welding. Wiley, Second Col
225
6.5 Conclusion
This chapter explains the basic principle of the formation of microstructure and
texture in fusion welding, as well as in solid-state welding processes. At the end, the
evolution of microstructure and texture in the FSW process is discussed. A detailed
investigation of crystallographic texture has also been shown to understand the deformation mechanism in the process. Strong correlation does exist between property
and microstructure, as well as texture.
References
1. Kulkarni S, Edwards DJ, Parn EA et al (2018) Evaluation of vehicle lightweighting to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions with focus on magnesium substitution. J Eng Des Technol 16:869–
888. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-03-2018-0042
2. Biswas S, Suwas S (2012) Evolution of sub-micron grain size and weak texture in magnesium
alloy Mg-3Al-0.4Mn by a modified multi-axial forging process. Scr Mater 66:89–92. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.10.008
3. Easterling K (1992) Introduction to physical metallurgy of welding. Butterworth Heinemann
4. Savage WF, Nippes EF, Szekeres ES (1976) Study of weld interface phenomena in a low alloy
steel. Weld Res Suppliment, 260–268
5. Bradley G, James MN (2000) Geometry and microstructure of metal inert gas and friction stir
welded aluminium alloy 5383-H321
6. Callister WD, Rethwisch DG (2010) Materials science and engineering—an introduction, 8th
ed. Wiley, New York
7. Padhy GK, Komizo Y (2013) Diffusible hydrogen in steel weldments-a status review. Trans
JWRI 42:39–62
8. Soonrach R, Poopat B (2016) Effect of oxygen addition in argon/carbon dioxide gas mixture
on metal transfer behavior in gas metal arc welding. Int J Mech Prod Eng 4:2320–2392
9. Francis R, Jones J, Olson D (1990) Effect of shielding gas oxygen activity on weld metal
microstructure of GMA welded microalloyed HSLA steel. Weld J 69:408–415
10. Rehal A, Randhawa JS (2014) Submerged arc welding fluxes-a review. Int J Sci Res 3:230–234.
https://doi.org/10.21275/02014158
11. Yamamoto H, Danno Y, Ito K et al (2018) Weld toe modification using spherical-tip WC
tool FSP in fatigue strength improvement of high-strength low-alloy steel joints. Mater Des
160:1019–1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.10.036
12. Sathiya P, Mishra MK, Shanmugarajan B (2012) Effect of shielding gases on microstructure
and mechanical properties of super austenitic stainless steel by hybrid welding. Mater Des
33:203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.06.065
13. Sugizaki Y, Nakagawa T, Inoue H (2013) Kobelco technology review. Secretariat & Publicity
Dept, Kobe Steel Ltd.
14. Mitra U, Eagar TW (1991) Slag-metal reactions during welding: Part II. Theory. Metall Trans
B 22:73–81
15. Zhong H, Li X, Wang B et al (2019) Hot tearing of 9Cr3Co3W heat-resistant steel during
solidification. Metals (Basel) 9:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9010025
16. Guo X, Bleck W (2008) Delayed cracking in high strength steels. In: Aachener Stahlkolloquium
17. Takechi H (2008) Transformation hardening of steel sheet for automotive applications. JOM
60:22–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-008-0160-6
18. Messler RW (1999) Principles of welding. Wiley, Second Col