TABLE 7.1
Mainstream STI institutions and grassroots innovation movements’ approaches to innovation
Primary
Priority
Principal
Sources of
Forms of
Sites of
Predominant
Emblematic
actors
values
incentives/
investment
appropriability
innovation
forms of
technological
drivers
knowledge
fields
Mainstream
Universities,
Scientific
Market
State/
Intellectual
Laboratories
Scientific
Biotech, ICTs,
science,
public labs,
advance,
demand and
corporate
property
and R&D
and technical nanotech
technology
commercial
for-profit
regulation/
funded,
framework
institutes,
knowledge
and
firms,
innovation/
science
venture
strongly
boardrooms
innovation
ministries and not necessarily competence
capital
biased towards and ministries,
other public
focused on
patent-based
market-based
institutions,
social
innovation
firms
international
inclusion
funding
agencies
Grassroots
Civil society, Social justice/ Social needs/ Development Not
Community
Local,
Organic
innovation
NGOs, social not necessarily cooperation
aid,
appropriated
projects and
situated
food,
movements
movements,
focused on
and
community
by individuals participatory
knowledge/
small-scale
cooperatives
for-profit
community
finance,
– seen as
processes,
indigenous
renewable
innovation
empowerment donations,
common
social
knowledge
energies,
state funding
goods
movements
water
sanitation
Source: Fressoli, M., Arond, E., Abrol, D., Smith, A., Ely, A. and Dias, R. (2014) ‘When grassroots innovation movements encounter mainstream institutions: implications
for models of inclusive innovation’, Innovation and Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp277–292.