264 Jenny Lieu et al.
Country study
Implementation risk
Consequential risk
UK – nuclear power sector Technology (investments and
others)
•    High nuclear costs and 
limited profit margins
•    Lack of technology and 
specialised skills
•    Nuclear accidents
Policies and politics
•    Conflicting policies and 
regulations
Socio-economic
•    Social disruption and 
activism
Technology impact
•    Nuclear accidents/social 
disruption and activism
Socio-economic
•    Radioactive waste legacy 
and intergenerational
injustice
Pathways towards renewable electricity systems
Chile – renewable energy
scale up
Technology (investment)
•    Renewable generated 
electricity costs
Socio-economic
•    Opposition to diffusion of 
renewable energy projects
•    Quality of energy access 
across regions
•    Intra-country diversity in 
perception of energy
needs
Other (external import factors)
•    Dependency on fuel 
imports
Socio-economic
•    Energy poverty due to 
increased costs of
electricity from energy
impacting the budget of
households
•    Energy vulnerability of 
households
The Netherlands – solar PV
rooftop and parks
Technology (investment)
•    Lack of funding for solar 
parks
Socio-economic
•    Hesitation to invest in 
solar PV
Other (environment)
•    Lack of available land 
areas
Technology impact
•    Balancing issues power 
grid
Policies and politics
•    High pressure on fiscal 
budget
Economic
•    Energy company 
bankruptcies
Spain – renewable energy
Technology (market)
•    Oligopoly of the 
electricity market
Policies and politics
•    Political instability
•    Volatile agenda of 
political parties
•    Regulatory changes
Policies and politics
•    Retroactive measures on 
renewables: subsidies cut
•    Discouragement of small 
actors and consumers
•    Competitiveness loss of 
renewables within the
industry
•    Lack of incentives to 
finance the promotion of
renewables
Table 14.2 Continued