Pathways, risks, and uncertainties 259
particularly with a changing climate that may require more heating or cooling.
Heating and cooling needs also vary depending on the different climate zones
and energy resources available across Chile. The types of energy resources also
impact the cost and extent of the economic burden on households; for example,
solar power is costlier that traditional biomass used in the less affluent southern
region of the country. Assessment of energy poverty in Chile does not currently
consider the different thermal zones and varying household incomes levels.
There are also external events that impact energy poverty, including the price
of imported natural gas which is beyond the influence of national policies and
actions but also increases the risk of fuel poverty in Chile.
In Greece, poverty is viewed by stakeholders as a potential negative
consequence of climate and energy efficiency actions. There is a risk that
infrastructure and building renovation projects intended to support economically
disadvantaged households could inadvertently cause greater hardships. For
example, low- interest-rate loans for lower- income households are expected to
provide financial support for energy efficiency measures, but the economic recession
has made it increasingly difficult for these households to repay loans. On the other
hand, these programmes could potentially boost the economy if a longer- term
perspective is taken for funding programmes and providing financial support.
Low- carbon initiatives and policies can also result in unequal gender power
dynamics as seen in the installation of biogas systems in Balinese farms. Wood
fuel used for cooking is often collected by women, who also prepare meals, while
the men manage the livestock on the farms. Biogas installations would benefit
women by reducing the time require to collect wood, while men will need to
increase their time on the farm to collect the organic waste for biogas feedstock.
At the household level, male farmers were concerned with the changes in time
commitment linked to biogas installations, which policymakers did not view as
an issue. However, while the perception is relevant for some parts of Bali, it
does not represent the gender- roles across the whole of Indonesia.
In Spain, researchers identified a consequential risk linked to unbalanced
gender participation in the energy sector as well as in climate policymaking
processes. The energy sector has the lowest proportion of women in executive
roles compared to any other economic sector. In climate policymaking there is
also a lack of balance, as evident in the 14-strong all- male expert panel selected
to provide insights into the design of national energy law in Spain. The lack of
a gender balance is also observed in the composition of stakeholder participants
responding to the Spanish case study survey. The under representation of
women across studies, industry, and policymaking processes can be concerning
as decision- making mechanisms supporting the energy transition could fail to
address gender- specific issues and needs.
Risk perception of stakeholders across space and time
We consider scale and time to be relevant in all narratives, spanning the
dimensions of technology, policy, and society. Most prominently, scale refers to
particularly with a changing climate that may require more heating or cooling.
Heating and cooling needs also vary depending on the different climate zones
and energy resources available across Chile. The types of energy resources also
impact the cost and extent of the economic burden on households; for example,
solar power is costlier that traditional biomass used in the less affluent southern
region of the country. Assessment of energy poverty in Chile does not currently
consider the different thermal zones and varying household incomes levels.
There are also external events that impact energy poverty, including the price
of imported natural gas which is beyond the influence of national policies and
actions but also increases the risk of fuel poverty in Chile.
In Greece, poverty is viewed by stakeholders as a potential negative
consequence of climate and energy efficiency actions. There is a risk that
infrastructure and building renovation projects intended to support economically
disadvantaged households could inadvertently cause greater hardships. For
example, low- interest-rate loans for lower- income households are expected to
provide financial support for energy efficiency measures, but the economic recession
has made it increasingly difficult for these households to repay loans. On the other
hand, these programmes could potentially boost the economy if a longer- term
perspective is taken for funding programmes and providing financial support.
Low- carbon initiatives and policies can also result in unequal gender power
dynamics as seen in the installation of biogas systems in Balinese farms. Wood
fuel used for cooking is often collected by women, who also prepare meals, while
the men manage the livestock on the farms. Biogas installations would benefit
women by reducing the time require to collect wood, while men will need to
increase their time on the farm to collect the organic waste for biogas feedstock.
At the household level, male farmers were concerned with the changes in time
commitment linked to biogas installations, which policymakers did not view as
an issue. However, while the perception is relevant for some parts of Bali, it
does not represent the gender- roles across the whole of Indonesia.
In Spain, researchers identified a consequential risk linked to unbalanced
gender participation in the energy sector as well as in climate policymaking
processes. The energy sector has the lowest proportion of women in executive
roles compared to any other economic sector. In climate policymaking there is
also a lack of balance, as evident in the 14-strong all- male expert panel selected
to provide insights into the design of national energy law in Spain. The lack of
a gender balance is also observed in the composition of stakeholder participants
responding to the Spanish case study survey. The under representation of
women across studies, industry, and policymaking processes can be concerning
as decision- making mechanisms supporting the energy transition could fail to
address gender- specific issues and needs.
Risk perception of stakeholders across space and time
We consider scale and time to be relevant in all narratives, spanning the
dimensions of technology, policy, and society. Most prominently, scale refers to