Indonesia 217
energy targets and prevent potential co-benefits such as protecting the
environment and improving human health. On the other hand, the biogasto-electricity pathway risks could create negative impacts on the economy,
either commercially (on the market) or at the macro/national level. Therefore, to achieve the national target through these pathways, it is important to
suppress the uncertainties at the higher level, or those mainly related to the
governance scope, which could include, for example, making progress in formulating targets complemented with clear pathways and providing clarity in
how biogas development should be perceived, valued, and approached. It is
also recommended that policymakers implement supporting actions to mitigate risks, such as strengthening the institutions that manage the national
biogas development.
References
Asadullah, M. (2014). Barriers of commercial power generation using biomass gasification gas: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29, 201–215. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.074.
Atteridge, A., Aung, M.T., Nugroho, A. (2018). Contemporary coal dynamics in Indonesia
(SEI working paper). Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm.
Aven, T. (2012). The risk concept: historical and recent development trends. Reliability
Engineering & System Safety, 99, 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2011.11.006.
Bedi, A.S., Sparrow, R., Tasciotti, L. (2017). The impact of a household biogas programme on energy use and expenditure in East Java. Energy Economics 68, 66–76.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.09.006.
Berhe, T.G., Tesfahuney, R.G., Desta, G.A., Mekonnen, L.S. (2017). Biogas Plant Distribution for Rural Household Sustainable Energy Supply in Africa. Energy and Policy
Research, 4(1), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/23815639.2017.1280432.
BIRU (2018). Indonesia Domestic Biogas Programme: January–December 2017 (Annual
Report). BIRU. Available at: www.biru.or.id/files/annual- report-2017.pdf.
Blenkinsopp, T., Coles, S., Kirwan, K. (2013). Renewable energy for rural communities
in Maharashtra, India. Energy Policy 60, 192–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.
04.077.
BP (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy (No. 67). British Petroleum. Available
at: www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy- economics/statistical- review/
bp- stats-review- 2018-full- report.pdf.
BPS (2017). Statistik Nasional Indonesia. Available at: www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/
Statistik- Indonesia-2016-_rev.pdf.
Breeze, P. (2014). Natural Gas- fired Gas Turbines and Combined Cycle Power Plants,
in: Power Generation Technologies (2nd edn, 67–92). Newnes, Oxford, UK and
Waltham, USA. Available at: www.elsevier.com/books/power- generation-technologies/
breeze/978-0-08-098330-1#.
Brent, A.C., Kruger, W.J.L. (2009). Systems analyses and the sustainable transfer of
renewable energy technologies: A focus on remote areas of Africa. Renewable Energy
34(7), 1774–1781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.10.012.
Bruun, S., Jensen, L.S., Khanh Vu, V.T., Sommer, S. (2014). Small- scale household
biogas digesters: An option for global warming mitigation or a potential climate bomb?
energy targets and prevent potential co-benefits such as protecting the
environment and improving human health. On the other hand, the biogasto-electricity pathway risks could create negative impacts on the economy,
either commercially (on the market) or at the macro/national level. Therefore, to achieve the national target through these pathways, it is important to
suppress the uncertainties at the higher level, or those mainly related to the
governance scope, which could include, for example, making progress in formulating targets complemented with clear pathways and providing clarity in
how biogas development should be perceived, valued, and approached. It is
also recommended that policymakers implement supporting actions to mitigate risks, such as strengthening the institutions that manage the national
biogas development.
References
Asadullah, M. (2014). Barriers of commercial power generation using biomass gasification gas: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29, 201–215. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.074.
Atteridge, A., Aung, M.T., Nugroho, A. (2018). Contemporary coal dynamics in Indonesia
(SEI working paper). Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm.
Aven, T. (2012). The risk concept: historical and recent development trends. Reliability
Engineering & System Safety, 99, 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2011.11.006.
Bedi, A.S., Sparrow, R., Tasciotti, L. (2017). The impact of a household biogas programme on energy use and expenditure in East Java. Energy Economics 68, 66–76.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.09.006.
Berhe, T.G., Tesfahuney, R.G., Desta, G.A., Mekonnen, L.S. (2017). Biogas Plant Distribution for Rural Household Sustainable Energy Supply in Africa. Energy and Policy
Research, 4(1), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/23815639.2017.1280432.
BIRU (2018). Indonesia Domestic Biogas Programme: January–December 2017 (Annual
Report). BIRU. Available at: www.biru.or.id/files/annual- report-2017.pdf.
Blenkinsopp, T., Coles, S., Kirwan, K. (2013). Renewable energy for rural communities
in Maharashtra, India. Energy Policy 60, 192–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.
04.077.
BP (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy (No. 67). British Petroleum. Available
at: www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy- economics/statistical- review/
bp- stats-review- 2018-full- report.pdf.
BPS (2017). Statistik Nasional Indonesia. Available at: www.bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/
Statistik- Indonesia-2016-_rev.pdf.
Breeze, P. (2014). Natural Gas- fired Gas Turbines and Combined Cycle Power Plants,
in: Power Generation Technologies (2nd edn, 67–92). Newnes, Oxford, UK and
Waltham, USA. Available at: www.elsevier.com/books/power- generation-technologies/
breeze/978-0-08-098330-1#.
Brent, A.C., Kruger, W.J.L. (2009). Systems analyses and the sustainable transfer of
renewable energy technologies: A focus on remote areas of Africa. Renewable Energy
34(7), 1774–1781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.10.012.
Bruun, S., Jensen, L.S., Khanh Vu, V.T., Sommer, S. (2014). Small- scale household
biogas digesters: An option for global warming mitigation or a potential climate bomb?