134 Alevgul H. Sorman et al.
mobility through public transport, railroad, and car sharing, though transport
policies have resulted in highest prominence. Striking as it may seem, electrification of vehicles and limitation of use and access of traditional vehicles in
cities seem more likely to take place.
In the industry, indicating policies for greater reuse of materials and processes
within the sector rank with utmost impact, as recycling and upcycling are
becoming integral actors in production chains. Such measures within the industry push forth a triple objective in terms of energy efficiency, the zero- waste
initiative, and a circular economy. Electrification of low- temperature industry
(for example the textile sector and food processing) is seen as of medium
importance but lesser possibility, while increases in the use of gas in hightemperature sectors ranked with least favourable potential due to prolonging
fossil- fuel reliance, though more likely to happen.
Transport has been identified as a key area of action by stakeholders as electric vehicles (EV) slowly infiltrate the car market, while incentivising measures
on reduction and changes in mobility through public transport, railroads, and
car sharing are classified as having a major impact. Penetration of EVs into
policy arenas is seen as highly probable, and is supported by big car industries
(e.g. Volvo) taking measures to either partially or completely switch to batterypowered engines, ending traditional internal combustion engine vehicles
(Vaughan, 2017). Limitations to the use and access of traditional vehicles into
cities are also seen as potential policies highly likely to be implemented. Several
cities are starting to implement policies in this direction. For instance, Barcelona is a successful case: since the initial probation of the ‘superblocks’ policy
(limiting the interior spaces of a 9 × 9 series of blocks to urban mobility, increasing pacified spaces, and giving priority of pedestrians) as a part of its urban
mobility plans, Barcelona has shown successful transition strategies (Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2014). Madrid has also planned to ban the oldest and most
polluting vehicles, prohibiting the use of gasoline cars registered before 2000
and diesel- powered cars registered before 2006 (Plan A Madrid, 2017). In the
survey, increasing taxes on transport fuels resulted emerged with a medium- high
probability of occurrence but less important compared to other transport policies identified, despite the fact that the International Energy Agency (IEA) has
pointed out that oil taxation in Spain is quite low; e.g. the tax component on
the total diesel price is only 51%, whereas in the United Kingdom it is 67% and
in Italy it is 62% (IEA, 2015).
Improvements in energy efficiency and building restoration has ranked
second in importance as currently there are no legislative developments sustaining operations of urban rehabilitation, regeneration, and renewal, and legal obstacles prevail preventing their implementation. Thus, legislative amendments
making arrangements more flexible, opening up new mechanisms for funding,
and encouraging public–private partnership are on the agenda of the Spanish
Building Assessment Report (IEE), in addition to including a Certification of
Energy Efficiency within the scheme. Policies regarding promoting selfgeneration and consumption rank of high importance, yet reveal medium
mobility through public transport, railroad, and car sharing, though transport
policies have resulted in highest prominence. Striking as it may seem, electrification of vehicles and limitation of use and access of traditional vehicles in
cities seem more likely to take place.
In the industry, indicating policies for greater reuse of materials and processes
within the sector rank with utmost impact, as recycling and upcycling are
becoming integral actors in production chains. Such measures within the industry push forth a triple objective in terms of energy efficiency, the zero- waste
initiative, and a circular economy. Electrification of low- temperature industry
(for example the textile sector and food processing) is seen as of medium
importance but lesser possibility, while increases in the use of gas in hightemperature sectors ranked with least favourable potential due to prolonging
fossil- fuel reliance, though more likely to happen.
Transport has been identified as a key area of action by stakeholders as electric vehicles (EV) slowly infiltrate the car market, while incentivising measures
on reduction and changes in mobility through public transport, railroads, and
car sharing are classified as having a major impact. Penetration of EVs into
policy arenas is seen as highly probable, and is supported by big car industries
(e.g. Volvo) taking measures to either partially or completely switch to batterypowered engines, ending traditional internal combustion engine vehicles
(Vaughan, 2017). Limitations to the use and access of traditional vehicles into
cities are also seen as potential policies highly likely to be implemented. Several
cities are starting to implement policies in this direction. For instance, Barcelona is a successful case: since the initial probation of the ‘superblocks’ policy
(limiting the interior spaces of a 9 × 9 series of blocks to urban mobility, increasing pacified spaces, and giving priority of pedestrians) as a part of its urban
mobility plans, Barcelona has shown successful transition strategies (Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2014). Madrid has also planned to ban the oldest and most
polluting vehicles, prohibiting the use of gasoline cars registered before 2000
and diesel- powered cars registered before 2006 (Plan A Madrid, 2017). In the
survey, increasing taxes on transport fuels resulted emerged with a medium- high
probability of occurrence but less important compared to other transport policies identified, despite the fact that the International Energy Agency (IEA) has
pointed out that oil taxation in Spain is quite low; e.g. the tax component on
the total diesel price is only 51%, whereas in the United Kingdom it is 67% and
in Italy it is 62% (IEA, 2015).
Improvements in energy efficiency and building restoration has ranked
second in importance as currently there are no legislative developments sustaining operations of urban rehabilitation, regeneration, and renewal, and legal obstacles prevail preventing their implementation. Thus, legislative amendments
making arrangements more flexible, opening up new mechanisms for funding,
and encouraging public–private partnership are on the agenda of the Spanish
Building Assessment Report (IEE), in addition to including a Certification of
Energy Efficiency within the scheme. Policies regarding promoting selfgeneration and consumption rank of high importance, yet reveal medium