8 Oleochemistry Products
225
is a shift from the less environmentally friendly hydrocarbon (mineral oils) to the
more environmentally friendly oleochemical products as inert ingredients in pesticide formulations. This paper discusses the potential of oleochemicals derived from
palm and palm kernel oils as inert ingredients in pesticide formulations [93].
Plant diseases constitute an emerging threat to global food security. Many of the
currently available synthetic fungicides are highly toxic and non-biodegradable and
cause extended environmental pollution and probably cause an increasing number
of pathogens that develop resistance to them [134]. Surfactants (obtained by chemical processes from petrochemical and oleochemical resources) have been used as
a fungicide with a noted shift towards surfactants from oleochemicals source as
an environment-friendly nature and safety [72]. Vegetable oils have been used as
pesticides and fungicides and continue to play an important role in integrated pest
management programmes. Neem and Karanja oil are used largely for these purposes [104]. In agrochemical industries, surfactants are used as additives primarily
in pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides) [239].
A new family of ultrashort antimicrobial lipopeptides which are composed of
only four amino acids linked to fatty acids was reported. The activities in vitro and in
planta and the modes of action of these short lipopeptides against plant-pathogenic
bacteria and fungi were investigated. They act rapidly, at low micromolar concentrations, on the membranes of the microorganisms via a lytic mechanism. In vitro
microscopic analysis revealed wide-scale damage to the microorganism’s membrane,
in addition to inhibition of pathogen growth. In planta potent antifungal activity was
demonstrated on cucumber fruits and leaves infected with the pathogen Botrytis
cinerea as well as on corn leaves infected with Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Similarly, treatment with the lipopeptides of Arabidopsis leaves infected with the bacterial
leaf pathogen Pseudomonas syringae efficiently and rapidly reduced the number of
bacteria. Importantly, in contrast to what occurred with many native lipopeptides,
no toxicity was observed on the plant tissues. These data suggest that the ultrashort
lipopeptides could serve as native-like antimicrobial agents economically feasible
for use in plant protection [134].
A combination of palm oil based surfactant was used to stabilize the emulsion
system contained essential oils for fungicide EC formulation. The best result was
achieved at surfactant HLB value 10 with surfactant composition MES 20%, PDO
10% and PMO 70%, oil composition neem oil 33%, eugenol oil 33%, citronella oil
33% in oil/surfactant ratio 60/40 based on emulsions stability test for 6 h. Furthermore, this study can be developed by investigating its efficacy and residue in the
environment [196].
Neem oil is a key derivative that finds application as an important pest
control agent. The major active principal, azadiracthin (AZA), a ring c-secotetranortriterpenoid, is the most potent natural insect anti-feedant. The everincreasing emphasis on developing environmentally benign pest control agents has
brought Neem to the fore. There is a significant correlation between the stability
of emulsion and HLB of surfactants suggest that the HLB requirement of emulsion
varies with the chemical type of emulsifier. Creaming of emulsion could be controlled by adding viscosity-building agents like guar gum. Emulsifiable concentrate
225
is a shift from the less environmentally friendly hydrocarbon (mineral oils) to the
more environmentally friendly oleochemical products as inert ingredients in pesticide formulations. This paper discusses the potential of oleochemicals derived from
palm and palm kernel oils as inert ingredients in pesticide formulations [93].
Plant diseases constitute an emerging threat to global food security. Many of the
currently available synthetic fungicides are highly toxic and non-biodegradable and
cause extended environmental pollution and probably cause an increasing number
of pathogens that develop resistance to them [134]. Surfactants (obtained by chemical processes from petrochemical and oleochemical resources) have been used as
a fungicide with a noted shift towards surfactants from oleochemicals source as
an environment-friendly nature and safety [72]. Vegetable oils have been used as
pesticides and fungicides and continue to play an important role in integrated pest
management programmes. Neem and Karanja oil are used largely for these purposes [104]. In agrochemical industries, surfactants are used as additives primarily
in pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides) [239].
A new family of ultrashort antimicrobial lipopeptides which are composed of
only four amino acids linked to fatty acids was reported. The activities in vitro and in
planta and the modes of action of these short lipopeptides against plant-pathogenic
bacteria and fungi were investigated. They act rapidly, at low micromolar concentrations, on the membranes of the microorganisms via a lytic mechanism. In vitro
microscopic analysis revealed wide-scale damage to the microorganism’s membrane,
in addition to inhibition of pathogen growth. In planta potent antifungal activity was
demonstrated on cucumber fruits and leaves infected with the pathogen Botrytis
cinerea as well as on corn leaves infected with Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Similarly, treatment with the lipopeptides of Arabidopsis leaves infected with the bacterial
leaf pathogen Pseudomonas syringae efficiently and rapidly reduced the number of
bacteria. Importantly, in contrast to what occurred with many native lipopeptides,
no toxicity was observed on the plant tissues. These data suggest that the ultrashort
lipopeptides could serve as native-like antimicrobial agents economically feasible
for use in plant protection [134].
A combination of palm oil based surfactant was used to stabilize the emulsion
system contained essential oils for fungicide EC formulation. The best result was
achieved at surfactant HLB value 10 with surfactant composition MES 20%, PDO
10% and PMO 70%, oil composition neem oil 33%, eugenol oil 33%, citronella oil
33% in oil/surfactant ratio 60/40 based on emulsions stability test for 6 h. Furthermore, this study can be developed by investigating its efficacy and residue in the
environment [196].
Neem oil is a key derivative that finds application as an important pest
control agent. The major active principal, azadiracthin (AZA), a ring c-secotetranortriterpenoid, is the most potent natural insect anti-feedant. The everincreasing emphasis on developing environmentally benign pest control agents has
brought Neem to the fore. There is a significant correlation between the stability
of emulsion and HLB of surfactants suggest that the HLB requirement of emulsion
varies with the chemical type of emulsifier. Creaming of emulsion could be controlled by adding viscosity-building agents like guar gum. Emulsifiable concentrate