212
R. Tesser et al.
H 2 C O C
O
R 1
HC
H 2 C O
O C
C
O
R 2
O
R 3
OH
OH
HO
-
+ 3NaOH
3 Na
+
C
R 4
-
O
O
H 2 O
H +
C
O H
Rx
O
CH 3 OH
H 2 C OH
HC
H 2 C OH
OH
H 2 C OH
HC
H 2 C OH
OH
C
O
Rx
O
CH 3
NaOH
SO 3
H 2
O
C
O
H
C
O
CH 3
R
SO 3 Na
C
O H
Rx
O
SO 3
O
C
O S O 3 Na
Rx
O
C
E O
Rx
O
y H
C
E O
Rx
O
y H
O
SO 3
C
E O
Rx
O
y SO 3 Na
H 2 C
HC
O
R 1
HC
H 2 C
HC
C
O
R 2
O
R 3
EO x
EO y
EO z
Fig. 8.2 Chemical reactions to obtain surfactants
diene metathesis polymerization. w-epoxy fatty acid methyl esters, achieved by a
new method of chemoenzymatic epoxidation, were converted into polyethers with
comb-structure catalyzed by aluminoxanes on the one hand and into sugar surfactants by nucleophilic ring opening with amino carbohydrates on the other hand [227,
228].
Glycerol is an organic compound produced in large amounts during industrialscale transformations of oils and fats into soaps, fatty acids, fatty esters and, in
particular, fatty acid methyl esters (used in the development of biofuels) [87].