1.7 Cybersecurity of Power Facilities: Past, Present, and Future
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Single time failure is understood as failure in one of active and passive elements
having mechanical moving parts or as one independent error of the staff. For mechanical systems, the passive elements shall be deemed the element without moving parts
and operation of which does not summon operation of other systems or components.
The passive element shall be kicked into gear directly by the impact produced by
microcircuit. The element shall be deemed an active one if its operation summons
some activities, like engine start, supply of compressed air, or other activities. In
electrical systems all the elements are considered to be active.
In practice single failure principle is normally implemented through booking. In
order to reduce the probability of the failure in the booked systems or their channel
due to the cause of general nature there is used physical separation or use of systems
and equipment of various types.
Backup implies application of two or more similar systems or independent channels of one system identical in their structure. At complete independence of these
systems or channels, their cumulative reliability is in proportion to their quantity.
The most evident example of the backup is Russian System Of Power Unit Active
Area Emergency Cooling with WWER-1000 and WWER-440 reactors (B-213). This
system involves three times backup and each of subsystems incorporated into it may
autonomously perform the specified safety function in full volume.
Practical application of single failure principle should assure operation of safety
systems should single time equipment failure or human error occur. Intrusion of
hardware “Trojans” into these systems is quite able to raise questions about efficiency
of this principle.
1.7.3 Major Cyberthreats for Facilities of Fuel and Energy
Industry and Ways of Their Elimination
The idea of term “cybersecurity” was globally identified in 2012 when there was
adopted the international standard ISO\IE 27 032:2012.
This standard depicts the sense of cybersecurity notion, defines it with respect to
other systems, such as network security, Internet security, application security, and
security of critical information structures.
Cybersecurity is understood as a set of technological processes and practices
intended for protection of networks computers software and data against attacks,
damage, or in authorized intrusion.
Here, it should be emphasized that cybersecurity is not equal to information security. “Cybersecurity” is more comprehensive notion in comparison with “information security.” In the second case protection of information is meant, i.e., to avoid
its stealth, tampering, interfering with its processing and transfer. Cybersecurity at
nuclear power plant means that the entire technological process is properly protected.
Cybersecurity is comprehensive and all-embracing, it encompasses broader spectrum
of threats and incorporates the parts of various safety systems.
83
Single time failure is understood as failure in one of active and passive elements
having mechanical moving parts or as one independent error of the staff. For mechanical systems, the passive elements shall be deemed the element without moving parts
and operation of which does not summon operation of other systems or components.
The passive element shall be kicked into gear directly by the impact produced by
microcircuit. The element shall be deemed an active one if its operation summons
some activities, like engine start, supply of compressed air, or other activities. In
electrical systems all the elements are considered to be active.
In practice single failure principle is normally implemented through booking. In
order to reduce the probability of the failure in the booked systems or their channel
due to the cause of general nature there is used physical separation or use of systems
and equipment of various types.
Backup implies application of two or more similar systems or independent channels of one system identical in their structure. At complete independence of these
systems or channels, their cumulative reliability is in proportion to their quantity.
The most evident example of the backup is Russian System Of Power Unit Active
Area Emergency Cooling with WWER-1000 and WWER-440 reactors (B-213). This
system involves three times backup and each of subsystems incorporated into it may
autonomously perform the specified safety function in full volume.
Practical application of single failure principle should assure operation of safety
systems should single time equipment failure or human error occur. Intrusion of
hardware “Trojans” into these systems is quite able to raise questions about efficiency
of this principle.
1.7.3 Major Cyberthreats for Facilities of Fuel and Energy
Industry and Ways of Their Elimination
The idea of term “cybersecurity” was globally identified in 2012 when there was
adopted the international standard ISO\IE 27 032:2012.
This standard depicts the sense of cybersecurity notion, defines it with respect to
other systems, such as network security, Internet security, application security, and
security of critical information structures.
Cybersecurity is understood as a set of technological processes and practices
intended for protection of networks computers software and data against attacks,
damage, or in authorized intrusion.
Here, it should be emphasized that cybersecurity is not equal to information security. “Cybersecurity” is more comprehensive notion in comparison with “information security.” In the second case protection of information is meant, i.e., to avoid
its stealth, tampering, interfering with its processing and transfer. Cybersecurity at
nuclear power plant means that the entire technological process is properly protected.
Cybersecurity is comprehensive and all-embracing, it encompasses broader spectrum
of threats and incorporates the parts of various safety systems.