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E. Fraccaroli and D. Quaglia
3.3.17.6 Fifth Generation (5G)
5G (from “5th generation”) is the latest generation of cellular mobile communications. 5G targets high data rate, reduced latency, energy saving, cost reduction,
higher system capacity, and massive device connectivity. The first phase of 5G
specifications in Release 15 has been completed by April 2019 to accommodate
the early commercial deployment. The second phase in Release 16 is due to be
completed by April 2020 for submission to the ITU as a candidate of IMT-2020
technology.
The ITU IMT-2020 specification demands speed up to 20 Gb/s, achievable with
wide channel bandwidths and massive MIMO. 3GPP is going to submit the 5G
NR (NR = New Radio) standard proposal. 5G NR can include lower frequencies,
below 6 GHz, and mmWave, above 15 GHz. However, the speeds and latency in
early deployments, using 5G NR software on 4G hardware (non-standalone), are
only slightly better than new 4G systems, estimated from 15% to 50% better.
The key trends which must be accommodated by hardware designers include:
• Increased data rate for Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) and other applications, specifically driving the instantaneous available data rate at 10x current
rates [72]. Furthermore, deployment of 5G will also be staged depending on
frequency band, sub-6GHz will be deployed first, followed by the contiguous
bands at mmWave frequencies enabling more key eMBB applications at a
later stage. Simulation of standalone eMBB deployments showed improved
throughput by 2.5× below 6 GHz and by nearly 20× at millimeter waves.
• Connectivity to many more devices will happen because expectations are that
there will be 50 billion connected devices within 2 years. This is partly addressed
by existing standards but will also be encompassed by the current specification
of Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) in Release 16 of 3GPP.
• New usage models, exerting new requirements onto mobile devices and the
cellular infrastructure that they connect to. Good examples include low data rate,
low power requirements for connecting battery-powered IoT end-points within
mMTC. High reliability, low latency cellular for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicleto-infrastructure connectivity (C-V2X) to complement existing V2X solutions
like collision detection. Low latency support for new and emerging applications
like remote surgery and augmented/virtual-reality. The second two examples will
be addressed by the upcoming 3GPP standard for Ultra-Reliable, Low Latency
Connectivity (URLLC).
3.4 Application Layer Protocols
This section describes several Application Layer protocols to build IoT applications.
The starting point is the well-known HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) which is
also the main building block of the World Wide Web. Many IoT-specific Application
Layer protocols have been inspired by HTTP because of its spread.
E. Fraccaroli and D. Quaglia
3.3.17.6 Fifth Generation (5G)
5G (from “5th generation”) is the latest generation of cellular mobile communications. 5G targets high data rate, reduced latency, energy saving, cost reduction,
higher system capacity, and massive device connectivity. The first phase of 5G
specifications in Release 15 has been completed by April 2019 to accommodate
the early commercial deployment. The second phase in Release 16 is due to be
completed by April 2020 for submission to the ITU as a candidate of IMT-2020
technology.
The ITU IMT-2020 specification demands speed up to 20 Gb/s, achievable with
wide channel bandwidths and massive MIMO. 3GPP is going to submit the 5G
NR (NR = New Radio) standard proposal. 5G NR can include lower frequencies,
below 6 GHz, and mmWave, above 15 GHz. However, the speeds and latency in
early deployments, using 5G NR software on 4G hardware (non-standalone), are
only slightly better than new 4G systems, estimated from 15% to 50% better.
The key trends which must be accommodated by hardware designers include:
• Increased data rate for Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) and other applications, specifically driving the instantaneous available data rate at 10x current
rates [72]. Furthermore, deployment of 5G will also be staged depending on
frequency band, sub-6GHz will be deployed first, followed by the contiguous
bands at mmWave frequencies enabling more key eMBB applications at a
later stage. Simulation of standalone eMBB deployments showed improved
throughput by 2.5× below 6 GHz and by nearly 20× at millimeter waves.
• Connectivity to many more devices will happen because expectations are that
there will be 50 billion connected devices within 2 years. This is partly addressed
by existing standards but will also be encompassed by the current specification
of Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) in Release 16 of 3GPP.
• New usage models, exerting new requirements onto mobile devices and the
cellular infrastructure that they connect to. Good examples include low data rate,
low power requirements for connecting battery-powered IoT end-points within
mMTC. High reliability, low latency cellular for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicleto-infrastructure connectivity (C-V2X) to complement existing V2X solutions
like collision detection. Low latency support for new and emerging applications
like remote surgery and augmented/virtual-reality. The second two examples will
be addressed by the upcoming 3GPP standard for Ultra-Reliable, Low Latency
Connectivity (URLLC).
3.4 Application Layer Protocols
This section describes several Application Layer protocols to build IoT applications.
The starting point is the well-known HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) which is
also the main building block of the World Wide Web. Many IoT-specific Application
Layer protocols have been inspired by HTTP because of its spread.