Chapter 11
Lithium-Ion Battery—3D
Micro-/Nano-Structuring, Modification
and Characterization
Wilhelm Pfleging, Petronela Gotcu, Peter Smyrek, Yijing Zheng,
Joong Kee Lee, and Hans Jürgen Seifert
Abstract Laser processing technologies for micro-/nanostructuring of electrode
materials have a great potential in improving the electrochemical performance and
operational lifetime of lithium-ion cells. Different types of laser structuring were
used on different surfaces such as metallic current collectors and thin or thick film
electrodes. For thin metallic current collector foils, at anode and cathode sides, the
self-organized structuring by laser-induced periodical surface structures and laser
interference methods were successfully applied for improving electrode film adhesion and cell impedance. For thin and thick film electrode layers direct laser ablation
with structure sizes down to the micrometer range and high aspect ratios were found
most powerful in order to create three-dimensional (3D) cell architectures with benefits regarding cell performance and a homogenous wetting of composite electrodes
with liquid electrolyte. A huge impact of laser formed 3D batteries regarding capacity
retention and cell lifetime at high charging and discharging rates was detected. The
impact on diffusion kinetics of laser structured 3D electrodes was studied using classical methods such galvanostatic intermittent titration technique and cyclic voltammetry. A further improvement of 3D battery performance due to an operation in high
potential regime and for advanced high energy silicon anode material was achieved by
joining of laser structuring and thin-film passivation either of active particles before
laser patterning or by passivating of complete 3D electrodes after laser processing.
Finally, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy will be presented as a powerful tool
for elemental mapping of entire 2D and 3D electrodes. The impact of 3D architectures on lithium distribution and chemical degradation processes in 2D batteries was
investigated and analyzed.
W. Pfleging (B) · P. Gotcu · P. Smyrek · Y. Zheng · H. J. Seifert
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, IAM-AWP, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
e-mail: wilhelm.pfleging@kit.edu
J. K. Lee
Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and
Technology, 176 Gajungro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
Center for Energy Convergence, Green City Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and
Technology, Hwarangno 14 gil 5, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
A. Hu (ed.), Laser Micro-Nano-Manufacturing and 3D Microprinting, Springer Series
in Materials Science 309, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59313-1_11
313
Lithium-Ion Battery—3D
Micro-/Nano-Structuring, Modification
and Characterization
Wilhelm Pfleging, Petronela Gotcu, Peter Smyrek, Yijing Zheng,
Joong Kee Lee, and Hans Jürgen Seifert
Abstract Laser processing technologies for micro-/nanostructuring of electrode
materials have a great potential in improving the electrochemical performance and
operational lifetime of lithium-ion cells. Different types of laser structuring were
used on different surfaces such as metallic current collectors and thin or thick film
electrodes. For thin metallic current collector foils, at anode and cathode sides, the
self-organized structuring by laser-induced periodical surface structures and laser
interference methods were successfully applied for improving electrode film adhesion and cell impedance. For thin and thick film electrode layers direct laser ablation
with structure sizes down to the micrometer range and high aspect ratios were found
most powerful in order to create three-dimensional (3D) cell architectures with benefits regarding cell performance and a homogenous wetting of composite electrodes
with liquid electrolyte. A huge impact of laser formed 3D batteries regarding capacity
retention and cell lifetime at high charging and discharging rates was detected. The
impact on diffusion kinetics of laser structured 3D electrodes was studied using classical methods such galvanostatic intermittent titration technique and cyclic voltammetry. A further improvement of 3D battery performance due to an operation in high
potential regime and for advanced high energy silicon anode material was achieved by
joining of laser structuring and thin-film passivation either of active particles before
laser patterning or by passivating of complete 3D electrodes after laser processing.
Finally, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy will be presented as a powerful tool
for elemental mapping of entire 2D and 3D electrodes. The impact of 3D architectures on lithium distribution and chemical degradation processes in 2D batteries was
investigated and analyzed.
W. Pfleging (B) · P. Gotcu · P. Smyrek · Y. Zheng · H. J. Seifert
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, IAM-AWP, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
e-mail: wilhelm.pfleging@kit.edu
J. K. Lee
Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and
Technology, 176 Gajungro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
Center for Energy Convergence, Green City Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and
Technology, Hwarangno 14 gil 5, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
A. Hu (ed.), Laser Micro-Nano-Manufacturing and 3D Microprinting, Springer Series
in Materials Science 309, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59313-1_11
313