1. Simon, P. and Y. Gogotsi. 2008. Materials for electrochemical capacitors. Nature:
Materials, 7, 845–854.
2. Kötz, R. 2000. Principles and applications of electrochemical capacitors.
Electrochimica Acta, 45, 2483–2498.
3. Linden, D. and T. Reddy, Handbook of Batteries, 4th ed. New York: McGraw Hill.
4. Burke, A. and M. Miller. 2011. The power capability of ultracapacitors and
lithium batteries for electric and hybrid vehicle applications. Journal of Power
Sources, 196, 514–522.
5. Winter, M. and R. J. Brodd. 2004. What are batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors? Chemical Reviews, 104, 4245–4269.
6. Worlds of David Darling Encyclopedia (online). Lead–acid battery. http://www.
daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/L/AE_lead–acid_battery.html [accessed April
4, 2012].
7. Georgia State University. 2012. Lead–acid battery: hyperphysics (online). http://
hyperphysics.phy–astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/leadacid.html [accessed April
9, 2012].
8. Davies, A. and A. Yu. 2011. Material advancements in supercapacitors: From
activated carbon to carbon nanotube and graphene. Canadian Journal of Chemical
Engineering, 89, 1342–1357.
9. Qu, D. and H. Shi. 1998. Studies of activated carbons used in double-layer
capacitors. Journal of Power Sources, 74, 99–107.
10. Kim, Y. et al. 2004. Correlation between the pore and solvated ion size on capacitance uptake of PVDC-based carbons. Carbon, 42, 1491–1500.
194
Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Delivery
4.7 Summary
In this chapter, several important aspects of component materials and
requirements and cell and stack construction of electrochemical supercapacitors (ESs) were discussed to enable readers to: (1) understand the functional
differences of capacitors, batteries, and ECs and how they impose different material and performance restrictions; (2) recognize the importance of
pore sizes and their interactions with electrodes, separators, and electrolyte
materials, with a focus on existing and new carbon electrode materials; (3)
observe the role of pseudocapacitance in boosting energy density while
overcoming durability issues; (4) illustrate the importance of making strong
design choices that meet the energy, safety, and power needs of a system and
looking to the future and economies of scale; (5) gain an overview of electrode composites choices to overcome material disadvantages, particularly
the composite devices that integrate components to simplify, and in some
cases improve, device mechanics.
References
Materials, 7, 845–854.
2. Kötz, R. 2000. Principles and applications of electrochemical capacitors.
Electrochimica Acta, 45, 2483–2498.
3. Linden, D. and T. Reddy, Handbook of Batteries, 4th ed. New York: McGraw Hill.
4. Burke, A. and M. Miller. 2011. The power capability of ultracapacitors and
lithium batteries for electric and hybrid vehicle applications. Journal of Power
Sources, 196, 514–522.
5. Winter, M. and R. J. Brodd. 2004. What are batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors? Chemical Reviews, 104, 4245–4269.
6. Worlds of David Darling Encyclopedia (online). Lead–acid battery. http://www.
daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/L/AE_lead–acid_battery.html [accessed April
4, 2012].
7. Georgia State University. 2012. Lead–acid battery: hyperphysics (online). http://
hyperphysics.phy–astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/leadacid.html [accessed April
9, 2012].
8. Davies, A. and A. Yu. 2011. Material advancements in supercapacitors: From
activated carbon to carbon nanotube and graphene. Canadian Journal of Chemical
Engineering, 89, 1342–1357.
9. Qu, D. and H. Shi. 1998. Studies of activated carbons used in double-layer
capacitors. Journal of Power Sources, 74, 99–107.
10. Kim, Y. et al. 2004. Correlation between the pore and solvated ion size on capacitance uptake of PVDC-based carbons. Carbon, 42, 1491–1500.
194
Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Delivery
4.7 Summary
In this chapter, several important aspects of component materials and
requirements and cell and stack construction of electrochemical supercapacitors (ESs) were discussed to enable readers to: (1) understand the functional
differences of capacitors, batteries, and ECs and how they impose different material and performance restrictions; (2) recognize the importance of
pore sizes and their interactions with electrodes, separators, and electrolyte
materials, with a focus on existing and new carbon electrode materials; (3)
observe the role of pseudocapacitance in boosting energy density while
overcoming durability issues; (4) illustrate the importance of making strong
design choices that meet the energy, safety, and power needs of a system and
looking to the future and economies of scale; (5) gain an overview of electrode composites choices to overcome material disadvantages, particularly
the composite devices that integrate components to simplify, and in some
cases improve, device mechanics.
References