7.6.6 Raman Spectroscopy (RS)................................................... 309
7.6.7 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) ........... 310
7.7 Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) Method ....................................... 311
7.8 Summary ............................................................................................ 312
References ..................................................................................................... 312
8. Applications of Electrochemical Supercapacitors ............................... 317
8.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 317
8.2 Power Electronics .............................................................................. 318
8.3 Memory Protection ........................................................................... 318
8.4 Battery Enhancement ....................................................................... 321
8.5 Portable Energy Sources .................................................................. 323
8.6 Power Quality Improvement ........................................................... 324
8.7 Adjustable Speed Drives (ASDs)..................................................... 326
8.7.1 Energy Storage Options for Different ASD Power
Ratings ................................................................................... 327
8.8 High Power Sensors and Actuators................................................ 328
8.9 Hybrid Electric Vehicles................................................................... 328
8.10 Renewable and Off-Peak Energy Storage ...................................... 330
8.11 Military and Aerospace Applications ............................................ 331
8.12 Summary ............................................................................................ 332
References ..................................................................................................... 332
9. Perspectives and Challenges.................................................................... 335
9.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 335
9.2 Market Challenges ............................................................................ 336
9.3 Electrode Material Challenges ........................................................ 337
9.3.1
Current Collectors................................................................ 337
9.3.2 Double-Layer Electrode Materials..................................... 338
9.3.3 Pseudocapacitor Electrode Materials ................................ 339
9.3.3.1 Transition Metal Oxides ...................................... 339
9.3.3.2 Conductive Polymers...........................................340
9.3.4 Composite Electrode Materials.......................................... 341
9.4 Electrolyte Innovations ....................................................................343
9.5 Development of Computational Tools ...........................................343
9.6 Future Perspectives and Research Directions ...................................344
References .....................................................................................................345
Index ..................................................................................................................... 349
xi
Contents
7.6.7 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) ........... 310
7.7 Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) Method ....................................... 311
7.8 Summary ............................................................................................ 312
References ..................................................................................................... 312
8. Applications of Electrochemical Supercapacitors ............................... 317
8.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 317
8.2 Power Electronics .............................................................................. 318
8.3 Memory Protection ........................................................................... 318
8.4 Battery Enhancement ....................................................................... 321
8.5 Portable Energy Sources .................................................................. 323
8.6 Power Quality Improvement ........................................................... 324
8.7 Adjustable Speed Drives (ASDs)..................................................... 326
8.7.1 Energy Storage Options for Different ASD Power
Ratings ................................................................................... 327
8.8 High Power Sensors and Actuators................................................ 328
8.9 Hybrid Electric Vehicles................................................................... 328
8.10 Renewable and Off-Peak Energy Storage ...................................... 330
8.11 Military and Aerospace Applications ............................................ 331
8.12 Summary ............................................................................................ 332
References ..................................................................................................... 332
9. Perspectives and Challenges.................................................................... 335
9.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 335
9.2 Market Challenges ............................................................................ 336
9.3 Electrode Material Challenges ........................................................ 337
9.3.1
Current Collectors................................................................ 337
9.3.2 Double-Layer Electrode Materials..................................... 338
9.3.3 Pseudocapacitor Electrode Materials ................................ 339
9.3.3.1 Transition Metal Oxides ...................................... 339
9.3.3.2 Conductive Polymers...........................................340
9.3.4 Composite Electrode Materials.......................................... 341
9.4 Electrolyte Innovations ....................................................................343
9.5 Development of Computational Tools ...........................................343
9.6 Future Perspectives and Research Directions ...................................344
References .....................................................................................................345
Index ..................................................................................................................... 349
xi
Contents