Hoerling et al. 2001). The influences of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (e.g.,
Brönnimann 2007), and the dust intrusions from the Sahara (e.g., Evan et al. 2016)
should not be neglected.
3.1.2 Winds
The presence of strong synoptic-scale pressure gradients in the mountainous area
surrounding the Alboran Sea, originates regional windstorms that are accompanied
by a number of distinctive local phenomena on smaller scales, including gap winds,
mountain waves, local downslope winds, wake turbulence, blocking of low altitude
winds, rotor clouds, hydraulic jumps, etc. (Wallace and Hobbs 2006). When an
extratropical cyclone propagates eastward across the Iberian Peninsula, and the cold
60°N
50°N
40°N
20°W
–30.0 –17.0 –13.0 –10.0 –8.0 –6.0 –4.0 –2.0 –1.0
mm/day
–0.2 0.2 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
10°W
0°
10°E
Fig. 3.10 Mean annual evapotranspiration minus precipitation (EÀP) for the period 1979–2017,
obtained from the ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis dataset
40
J. M. Sánchez-Laulhé et al.
Brönnimann 2007), and the dust intrusions from the Sahara (e.g., Evan et al. 2016)
should not be neglected.
3.1.2 Winds
The presence of strong synoptic-scale pressure gradients in the mountainous area
surrounding the Alboran Sea, originates regional windstorms that are accompanied
by a number of distinctive local phenomena on smaller scales, including gap winds,
mountain waves, local downslope winds, wake turbulence, blocking of low altitude
winds, rotor clouds, hydraulic jumps, etc. (Wallace and Hobbs 2006). When an
extratropical cyclone propagates eastward across the Iberian Peninsula, and the cold
60°N
50°N
40°N
20°W
–30.0 –17.0 –13.0 –10.0 –8.0 –6.0 –4.0 –2.0 –1.0
mm/day
–0.2 0.2 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
10°W
0°
10°E
Fig. 3.10 Mean annual evapotranspiration minus precipitation (EÀP) for the period 1979–2017,
obtained from the ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis dataset
40
J. M. Sánchez-Laulhé et al.