species, landscape, habitat or island, is a loss of creative possibilities, survival
strategies, and immaterial values such as the beauty of our surrounding.
Acknowledgements I am thankful to Sula Vanderplank for remarks and recommendations on the
manuscript.
Appendix A
Selection of the 133 deadliest disasters (minimum death toll in brackets). E.g.,
broken dams, diseases, and famines are excluded. The following examples include
133 of the deadliest so-called natural disasters which happened between 1815 and
2015 (Anonymous 2008; Bradbury 2012):
1815 Volcanic eruption of Mount Tambora (92,000), 1822 Volcanic eruption
Mount Galunggung (4011), 1826 Tsunami Japan (27,000), 1831 Hurricane Central
America (1500), 1839 India cyclone (300,000), 1854 Great Nankaidō earthquake
(80,000), 1857 Naples earthquake (11,000), 1864 Calcutta cyclone (60,000), 1868
Arica earthquake (25,674), 1868 Ecuador earthquakes (70,000), 1870 Hurricane
Cuba-Florida (2000), 1871 Peshtigo Fire (1200), 1876 Great Backerganj Cyclone
(200,000), 1881 Haiphong Typhoon (300,000), 1883 Erution of Krakatoa and
tsunami (36,417), 1887 Volcanic eruption Cotopaxi (1000), 1887 Yellow River
(Huang He) flood (900,000), 1889 Johnstown flood (2200), 1893 Chenier flood
(2000), 1896 Sanriku earthquake (27,122), 1899 Hurricane Puerto Rico-Domincan
Republic (3433), 1900 Hurricane Texas (8000), 1901 Eastern United States heat
wave (9500), 1902 Volcanic eruption Soufriere (1680), 1902 Volcanic eruption
Santa Maria (6000), 1902 Volcanic eruption Mount Pelée (30,000), 1905 Earthquake Meishan (1266), 1906 Earthquake (?) and flood Bristol Channel (2000), 1906
Earthquake San Francisco (3000), 1906 Typhoon Hong Kong (10,000), 1908
Messina earthquake (123,000), 1909 Hurricane Greater Antilles-Mexico (1500),
1911 Yangtze River flood (100,000), 1912 Volcanic eruption Kelut (5115), 1912
Cyclone China (50,000), 1916 White Friday avalanches (10,000), 1919 Volcanic
eruption Mount Kelud (5000), 1920 Haiyuan earthquake (273,400), 1922 Cyclone
China (60,000), 1923 Great Kantō earthquake (142,807), 1927 Gulang earthquake
(40,900), 1930 Hurricane Dominican Republic (8000), 1931 China floods
(1,000,000), 1932 Hurricane Cuba (3107), 1933 Tsunami Sanriku (3008), 1933
Diexi landslides (3429), 1934 Earthquake Bihar (10,700), 1935 Hurricane Carribean
(2150), 1935 Quetta earthquake (60,000), 1935 Yangtze river flood (145,000), 1936
Wildfire Kursha-2 (1200), 1938 Yellow River Flood (500,000), 1939 Erzinkan
earthquake (32,700), 1941 Huaraz avalanche (4000), 1942 Cyclone India (40,000),
1948 Ashgabat earthquake (110,000), 1949 Khait landslide (5000), 1952 Tsunami
Borneo (4000), 1953 Netherlands-UK (2142), 1954 Hurricane Hazel (1200), 1954
Iran flood (10,000), 1954 Yangtse River flood (30,000), 1958 Typhoon Vera (5000),
1959 Typhoon Iris (2334), 1960 Typhoon Mary (1600), 1960 Earthquake and
tsunami Chile-Hawaii-Philippines-Japan (2000), 1960 Cyclone Pakistan (6000),
Nature-Culture Dichotomy and Environmental Consciousness: Do We Fear the Right. . .
37
strategies, and immaterial values such as the beauty of our surrounding.
Acknowledgements I am thankful to Sula Vanderplank for remarks and recommendations on the
manuscript.
Appendix A
Selection of the 133 deadliest disasters (minimum death toll in brackets). E.g.,
broken dams, diseases, and famines are excluded. The following examples include
133 of the deadliest so-called natural disasters which happened between 1815 and
2015 (Anonymous 2008; Bradbury 2012):
1815 Volcanic eruption of Mount Tambora (92,000), 1822 Volcanic eruption
Mount Galunggung (4011), 1826 Tsunami Japan (27,000), 1831 Hurricane Central
America (1500), 1839 India cyclone (300,000), 1854 Great Nankaidō earthquake
(80,000), 1857 Naples earthquake (11,000), 1864 Calcutta cyclone (60,000), 1868
Arica earthquake (25,674), 1868 Ecuador earthquakes (70,000), 1870 Hurricane
Cuba-Florida (2000), 1871 Peshtigo Fire (1200), 1876 Great Backerganj Cyclone
(200,000), 1881 Haiphong Typhoon (300,000), 1883 Erution of Krakatoa and
tsunami (36,417), 1887 Volcanic eruption Cotopaxi (1000), 1887 Yellow River
(Huang He) flood (900,000), 1889 Johnstown flood (2200), 1893 Chenier flood
(2000), 1896 Sanriku earthquake (27,122), 1899 Hurricane Puerto Rico-Domincan
Republic (3433), 1900 Hurricane Texas (8000), 1901 Eastern United States heat
wave (9500), 1902 Volcanic eruption Soufriere (1680), 1902 Volcanic eruption
Santa Maria (6000), 1902 Volcanic eruption Mount Pelée (30,000), 1905 Earthquake Meishan (1266), 1906 Earthquake (?) and flood Bristol Channel (2000), 1906
Earthquake San Francisco (3000), 1906 Typhoon Hong Kong (10,000), 1908
Messina earthquake (123,000), 1909 Hurricane Greater Antilles-Mexico (1500),
1911 Yangtze River flood (100,000), 1912 Volcanic eruption Kelut (5115), 1912
Cyclone China (50,000), 1916 White Friday avalanches (10,000), 1919 Volcanic
eruption Mount Kelud (5000), 1920 Haiyuan earthquake (273,400), 1922 Cyclone
China (60,000), 1923 Great Kantō earthquake (142,807), 1927 Gulang earthquake
(40,900), 1930 Hurricane Dominican Republic (8000), 1931 China floods
(1,000,000), 1932 Hurricane Cuba (3107), 1933 Tsunami Sanriku (3008), 1933
Diexi landslides (3429), 1934 Earthquake Bihar (10,700), 1935 Hurricane Carribean
(2150), 1935 Quetta earthquake (60,000), 1935 Yangtze river flood (145,000), 1936
Wildfire Kursha-2 (1200), 1938 Yellow River Flood (500,000), 1939 Erzinkan
earthquake (32,700), 1941 Huaraz avalanche (4000), 1942 Cyclone India (40,000),
1948 Ashgabat earthquake (110,000), 1949 Khait landslide (5000), 1952 Tsunami
Borneo (4000), 1953 Netherlands-UK (2142), 1954 Hurricane Hazel (1200), 1954
Iran flood (10,000), 1954 Yangtse River flood (30,000), 1958 Typhoon Vera (5000),
1959 Typhoon Iris (2334), 1960 Typhoon Mary (1600), 1960 Earthquake and
tsunami Chile-Hawaii-Philippines-Japan (2000), 1960 Cyclone Pakistan (6000),
Nature-Culture Dichotomy and Environmental Consciousness: Do We Fear the Right. . .
37