population in the tropics, dramatically threatened with extinction. Captive breeding
activities result in an increasing population of the bird due to cooperation and related
programmes of zoos. A few individuals of the bird species are released into the wild
of a big city in the tropics, where more of the birds can live because the diversity of
plant species in gardens offers food for the whole year. Can such a vision become
realistic or are there also ethical barriers because the reintroduction to the wild is only
allowed to the original habitat—which possibly does not exist anymore?
References
Alberti M, Marzluff JM, Shulenberger E, Bradley G, Ryan C, Zumbrunnen C (2003) Integrating
humans into ecology: opportunities and challenges for studying urban ecosystems. Bioscience
[Bioscience] 53(12):1169–1179
Alberti M, Correa C, Marzluff JM, Hendry AP, Palkovacs EP, Gotanda KM et al (2017) Global
urban signatures of phenotypic change in animal and plant populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S
A 114:8951–8956. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606034114
Allan JR, Venter O, Watson JEM (2017) Temporally inter-comparable maps of terrestrial wilderness and the Last of the Wild. Sci Data 4:170187
Aronson MFJ, La Sorte FA, Nilon CH, Katti M, Goddard MA, Lepczyk CA, Warren PS, Williams
NSG, Cilliers S, Clarson B, Dobbs C, Dolan R, Hedblom M, Klotz S, Kooijmas JL, Kühn I,
MacGregor-Fors I, McDonnell M, Mörtberg U, Pyšek P, Siebert S, Sushinsky J, Werner P,
Winter M (2014) A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity
reveals key anthropogenic drivers. Proc R Soc B 281(1780):20133330
Baabou W, Grunewald N, Ouellet-Plamondon C, Gressot M, Galli A (2017) The ecological
footprint of Mediterranean cities: awareness creation and policy implications. Environ Sci Pol
69:94–104
Barton J, Pretty J (2010) Urban ecology and human health and wellbeing. In: Gaston KJ (ed) Urban
ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 202–229
Bundesamt für Naturschutz (ed) (1999) Botanische Gärten und Biodiversität. BfN-Schriftenvertrieb
im Landwirtschaftsverlag, Münster
Bureau of Environment (2014) Guidelines for selecting native species for greening towards
biodiversity-conscious greening. Tokyo Metropolitan Government
CBS (2012) Built-up area. https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/society/nature-and-environment/greengrowth/natural-resources/indicatoren/built-up-area
Cervinka R, Röderer K, Hefler E (2011) Are nature lovers happy? On various indicators of wellbeing and close affinity to nature to nature. J Health Psychol 17(3):379–388. https://doi.org/10.
1177/1359105311416873
Cieslewicz D (2008) Ecological footprints of urbanization and sprawl: toward a city ethic. In:
Waller DM, Rooney TP (eds) The vanishing present: Wisconsin’s changing lands, waters, and
wildlife. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, pp 381–390
Cilliers SS, Siebert SJ (2012) Urban ecology in Cape Town: South African comparisons and
reflections. Ecol Soc 17(3):33
City of Seattle (2015) Green Stormwater Infrastructure in Seattle: Implementation Strategy
2015–2020
City of Seattle (2019) Choosing the right plants. http://www.seattle.gov/utilities/environment-andconservation/lawn-and-garden/choosing-the-right-plants
Clifton K, Ewing R, Knaap G-J, Song Y (2008) Quantitative analysis of urban form: a
multidisciplinary review. J Urban 1(1):17–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549170801903496
Urban Habitats: Cities and Their Potential for Nature Protection
441
activities result in an increasing population of the bird due to cooperation and related
programmes of zoos. A few individuals of the bird species are released into the wild
of a big city in the tropics, where more of the birds can live because the diversity of
plant species in gardens offers food for the whole year. Can such a vision become
realistic or are there also ethical barriers because the reintroduction to the wild is only
allowed to the original habitat—which possibly does not exist anymore?
References
Alberti M, Marzluff JM, Shulenberger E, Bradley G, Ryan C, Zumbrunnen C (2003) Integrating
humans into ecology: opportunities and challenges for studying urban ecosystems. Bioscience
[Bioscience] 53(12):1169–1179
Alberti M, Correa C, Marzluff JM, Hendry AP, Palkovacs EP, Gotanda KM et al (2017) Global
urban signatures of phenotypic change in animal and plant populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S
A 114:8951–8956. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606034114
Allan JR, Venter O, Watson JEM (2017) Temporally inter-comparable maps of terrestrial wilderness and the Last of the Wild. Sci Data 4:170187
Aronson MFJ, La Sorte FA, Nilon CH, Katti M, Goddard MA, Lepczyk CA, Warren PS, Williams
NSG, Cilliers S, Clarson B, Dobbs C, Dolan R, Hedblom M, Klotz S, Kooijmas JL, Kühn I,
MacGregor-Fors I, McDonnell M, Mörtberg U, Pyšek P, Siebert S, Sushinsky J, Werner P,
Winter M (2014) A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity
reveals key anthropogenic drivers. Proc R Soc B 281(1780):20133330
Baabou W, Grunewald N, Ouellet-Plamondon C, Gressot M, Galli A (2017) The ecological
footprint of Mediterranean cities: awareness creation and policy implications. Environ Sci Pol
69:94–104
Barton J, Pretty J (2010) Urban ecology and human health and wellbeing. In: Gaston KJ (ed) Urban
ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 202–229
Bundesamt für Naturschutz (ed) (1999) Botanische Gärten und Biodiversität. BfN-Schriftenvertrieb
im Landwirtschaftsverlag, Münster
Bureau of Environment (2014) Guidelines for selecting native species for greening towards
biodiversity-conscious greening. Tokyo Metropolitan Government
CBS (2012) Built-up area. https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/society/nature-and-environment/greengrowth/natural-resources/indicatoren/built-up-area
Cervinka R, Röderer K, Hefler E (2011) Are nature lovers happy? On various indicators of wellbeing and close affinity to nature to nature. J Health Psychol 17(3):379–388. https://doi.org/10.
1177/1359105311416873
Cieslewicz D (2008) Ecological footprints of urbanization and sprawl: toward a city ethic. In:
Waller DM, Rooney TP (eds) The vanishing present: Wisconsin’s changing lands, waters, and
wildlife. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, pp 381–390
Cilliers SS, Siebert SJ (2012) Urban ecology in Cape Town: South African comparisons and
reflections. Ecol Soc 17(3):33
City of Seattle (2015) Green Stormwater Infrastructure in Seattle: Implementation Strategy
2015–2020
City of Seattle (2019) Choosing the right plants. http://www.seattle.gov/utilities/environment-andconservation/lawn-and-garden/choosing-the-right-plants
Clifton K, Ewing R, Knaap G-J, Song Y (2008) Quantitative analysis of urban form: a
multidisciplinary review. J Urban 1(1):17–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549170801903496
Urban Habitats: Cities and Their Potential for Nature Protection
441