are questionable, and it is more reasonable to maintain the still existing grassland and
pay for their traditional use. The subsidy system should be carefully set clearly
differentiating regions with maintained traditional ecological knowledge, where the
farmers know precisely how to manage their grassland in a sustainable way, and
regions with extinct traditional ecological knowledge, where a sustainable grassland
management should be properly examined before any of the measures is subsidized.
Education at public schools, information via media and eco-tourism may be
important stepping stones in the policy and planning of grassland conservation.
The curricula may include contradictions such as two-dimensional learning (desk,
paper, computer) vs. three-dimensional learning (practice in horticulture, excursion),
monoculture (plantation) vs. polyculture (grassland), high-nature-value
grassland vs. high-productivity grassland (industrial farming).
The goal and agreement is already set with the CBD. However, adequate applications, policies and payments are still missing.
A subsidy system has to be established which guarantees the survival of the
existing habitat types including all characteristic rare, endemic and threatened
species.
One of the most important practical aspect is the payment for farmers, shepherds
and other people who are able to use the system in a sustainable manner.
Development of local markets and product-based subsidies taking into account
local conditions are probably the most efficient ways of support for sustainable
farming and biodiversity maintenance. The farmers could simply be paid for the
occurrence of target-species and target-habitats.
References
Abdulina SA (1999) Checklist of vascular plants of Kazakhstan. Ministry of Science, Almaty
Abreu RCR, Hoffmann WA, Vasconcelos HL, Pilon NA, Rossato DR, Durigan G (2017) The
biodiversity cost of carbon sequestration in tropical savanna. Sci Adv 3:e1701284
Archer D (2010) The global carbon cycle. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Bar-On YM, Phillips R, Milo R (2018) The biomass distribution on Earth. PNAS 115
(25):6506–6511. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711842115
BMU & BfN [Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit & Bundesamt
für Naturschutz] (Hrsg.) (2010) Naturbewusstsein in Deutschland 2009. Berlin und Bonn
Boeker P (1957) Basenversorgung und Humusgehalte von Böden der Pflanzengesellschaften des
Grünlandes. Decheniana Beih 4:1–101
Bonanomi J, Tortato FR, Santos R, Penha JM, Bueno A S, Peres CA (2019) Protecting forests at the
expense of native grasslands: Land-use policy encourages open-habitat loss in the Brazilian
Cerrado biome. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation. 17:26-31
Bond-Lamberty B, Thomson A (2010) Temperature-associated increases in the global soil respiration record. Nature 464(7288):579–582
Bosshard A (1999) Renaturierung artenreicher Wiesen auf nährstoffreichen Böden. Dissertationes
Botanicae 303, 194 pp
Brady E (2003) Aesthetics of the natural environment. Edeinburgh University Press, Edinburgh
Briani DC, Palma ART, Vieira EM, Henriques RPB (2004) Post-fire succession of small mammals
in the Cerrado of Central Brazil. Biodivers Conserv 13(5):1023–1037
Development and Future of Grassland Ecosystems: Do We Need a Paradigm Shift?
355
pay for their traditional use. The subsidy system should be carefully set clearly
differentiating regions with maintained traditional ecological knowledge, where the
farmers know precisely how to manage their grassland in a sustainable way, and
regions with extinct traditional ecological knowledge, where a sustainable grassland
management should be properly examined before any of the measures is subsidized.
Education at public schools, information via media and eco-tourism may be
important stepping stones in the policy and planning of grassland conservation.
The curricula may include contradictions such as two-dimensional learning (desk,
paper, computer) vs. three-dimensional learning (practice in horticulture, excursion),
monoculture (plantation) vs. polyculture (grassland), high-nature-value
grassland vs. high-productivity grassland (industrial farming).
The goal and agreement is already set with the CBD. However, adequate applications, policies and payments are still missing.
A subsidy system has to be established which guarantees the survival of the
existing habitat types including all characteristic rare, endemic and threatened
species.
One of the most important practical aspect is the payment for farmers, shepherds
and other people who are able to use the system in a sustainable manner.
Development of local markets and product-based subsidies taking into account
local conditions are probably the most efficient ways of support for sustainable
farming and biodiversity maintenance. The farmers could simply be paid for the
occurrence of target-species and target-habitats.
References
Abdulina SA (1999) Checklist of vascular plants of Kazakhstan. Ministry of Science, Almaty
Abreu RCR, Hoffmann WA, Vasconcelos HL, Pilon NA, Rossato DR, Durigan G (2017) The
biodiversity cost of carbon sequestration in tropical savanna. Sci Adv 3:e1701284
Archer D (2010) The global carbon cycle. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Bar-On YM, Phillips R, Milo R (2018) The biomass distribution on Earth. PNAS 115
(25):6506–6511. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711842115
BMU & BfN [Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit & Bundesamt
für Naturschutz] (Hrsg.) (2010) Naturbewusstsein in Deutschland 2009. Berlin und Bonn
Boeker P (1957) Basenversorgung und Humusgehalte von Böden der Pflanzengesellschaften des
Grünlandes. Decheniana Beih 4:1–101
Bonanomi J, Tortato FR, Santos R, Penha JM, Bueno A S, Peres CA (2019) Protecting forests at the
expense of native grasslands: Land-use policy encourages open-habitat loss in the Brazilian
Cerrado biome. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation. 17:26-31
Bond-Lamberty B, Thomson A (2010) Temperature-associated increases in the global soil respiration record. Nature 464(7288):579–582
Bosshard A (1999) Renaturierung artenreicher Wiesen auf nährstoffreichen Böden. Dissertationes
Botanicae 303, 194 pp
Brady E (2003) Aesthetics of the natural environment. Edeinburgh University Press, Edinburgh
Briani DC, Palma ART, Vieira EM, Henriques RPB (2004) Post-fire succession of small mammals
in the Cerrado of Central Brazil. Biodivers Conserv 13(5):1023–1037
Development and Future of Grassland Ecosystems: Do We Need a Paradigm Shift?
355