use of pesticides, fertilizers and so on, establishment of buffer zones, enlargement
and establishment of new nature reserves, and many more.
What are the putative most effective measurements? We hypothesize that the
effectiveness of restoration and protection measures might seriously grow if the
focus is widened and especially border and transition zones between agricultural
land, industrial area or settlement and wetland are included in monitoring and nature
conservation programmes.
Defining half of the diameter of a mire, lake or river as buffer zone and more than
10% of the littoral zone as zero-use zone might be a proposal for discussion. The
recommended buffer zone may be larger in the case of small and smaller in the case
of large wetlands.
The reduction of a short-term profit at local scales caused by regulations can result
in long-term profit at larger spatial scales because self-regulated biodiversity and
food webs may lead to higher output of ecosystem services, e.g. products of fishing.
References
Albert JS, Val P, Hoorn C (2018) The changing course of the Amazon River in the Neogene: center
stage for Neotropical diversification. Neotropical Ichthyology 16(3):e180033. https://doi.org/
10.1590/1982-0224-20180033
Allan JD (1995) Stream ecology. Structure and function of running waters. Chapman & Hall,
London
Andersen R, Farrell C, Graf M, Muller F, Calvar E, Frankard P, Caporn S, Anderson P (2017) An
overview of the progress and challenges of peatland restoration in Western Europe. Restor Ecol
25(2):271–282
Bundesamt für Naturschutz (ed) (1997) Biodiversität und tourismus. Springer, Berlin
Davies CE, Moss D, Hill MO (2004) EUNIS habitat classification revised. European Topic Centre
on Nature Protection and Biodiversity, Paris
Dellapenna JW, Gupta J (2013) The evolution of water law through 4,000 years. Villanova Public
Law and Legal Theory Working Paper Series 2013-3014
Dixon RK, Solomon AM, Brown S, Houghton RA, Trexier MC, Wisnewski J (1994) Carbon pools
and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science 263(5144):185–190
EU (2013) Natura 2000 Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats, Ed. European Commission, DG Environment. 144p, Brussels
European Commission (2004) Water for the peatbog. https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/pro
jects/denmark/water-for-the-peatbog. Accessed 10/2019
FEOW (2019) Freshwater ecoregions of the world http://feow.org/maps/biodiversity. Accessed
10/2019
Fiedler PL, Kareiva PM (eds) (1998) Conservation biology: for the coming decade (2nd edn), pp
209–210. ISBN 978-0412096617
Frankard P (2004) Bilan de 12 années de gestion conservatoire des tourbières hautes dans la réserve
naturelle domaniale des Hautes-Fagnes (Est de la Belgique). An evaluation of 12 years of
conservation policies in the peatlands of the Hautes-Fagnes natural reserve (East Belgian). La
conservation des tourbières, vol 79/4, pp 269–276
Groombridge B, Jenkins MD (2002) World atlas of biodiversity. Earth’s living resources in the 21st
century. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, London
Wetlands: Challenges and Possibilities
325
and establishment of new nature reserves, and many more.
What are the putative most effective measurements? We hypothesize that the
effectiveness of restoration and protection measures might seriously grow if the
focus is widened and especially border and transition zones between agricultural
land, industrial area or settlement and wetland are included in monitoring and nature
conservation programmes.
Defining half of the diameter of a mire, lake or river as buffer zone and more than
10% of the littoral zone as zero-use zone might be a proposal for discussion. The
recommended buffer zone may be larger in the case of small and smaller in the case
of large wetlands.
The reduction of a short-term profit at local scales caused by regulations can result
in long-term profit at larger spatial scales because self-regulated biodiversity and
food webs may lead to higher output of ecosystem services, e.g. products of fishing.
References
Albert JS, Val P, Hoorn C (2018) The changing course of the Amazon River in the Neogene: center
stage for Neotropical diversification. Neotropical Ichthyology 16(3):e180033. https://doi.org/
10.1590/1982-0224-20180033
Allan JD (1995) Stream ecology. Structure and function of running waters. Chapman & Hall,
London
Andersen R, Farrell C, Graf M, Muller F, Calvar E, Frankard P, Caporn S, Anderson P (2017) An
overview of the progress and challenges of peatland restoration in Western Europe. Restor Ecol
25(2):271–282
Bundesamt für Naturschutz (ed) (1997) Biodiversität und tourismus. Springer, Berlin
Davies CE, Moss D, Hill MO (2004) EUNIS habitat classification revised. European Topic Centre
on Nature Protection and Biodiversity, Paris
Dellapenna JW, Gupta J (2013) The evolution of water law through 4,000 years. Villanova Public
Law and Legal Theory Working Paper Series 2013-3014
Dixon RK, Solomon AM, Brown S, Houghton RA, Trexier MC, Wisnewski J (1994) Carbon pools
and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science 263(5144):185–190
EU (2013) Natura 2000 Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats, Ed. European Commission, DG Environment. 144p, Brussels
European Commission (2004) Water for the peatbog. https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/pro
jects/denmark/water-for-the-peatbog. Accessed 10/2019
FEOW (2019) Freshwater ecoregions of the world http://feow.org/maps/biodiversity. Accessed
10/2019
Fiedler PL, Kareiva PM (eds) (1998) Conservation biology: for the coming decade (2nd edn), pp
209–210. ISBN 978-0412096617
Frankard P (2004) Bilan de 12 années de gestion conservatoire des tourbières hautes dans la réserve
naturelle domaniale des Hautes-Fagnes (Est de la Belgique). An evaluation of 12 years of
conservation policies in the peatlands of the Hautes-Fagnes natural reserve (East Belgian). La
conservation des tourbières, vol 79/4, pp 269–276
Groombridge B, Jenkins MD (2002) World atlas of biodiversity. Earth’s living resources in the 21st
century. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, London
Wetlands: Challenges and Possibilities
325