possible, may contribute to the enlargement of coastal habitats (e.g. Schuerch et al.
2018).
Additionally, due to building development and artificial coastal defence, the
natural dynamic and the capacity of coastal habitats to migrate inland and to build
up vertically is reduced. Also, the ecological processes and dynamics of coastal
habitats are highly entangled (Duarte et al. 2008; Barbier et al. 2011) and their sound
ecosystem functioning partially depends on their positive synergetic relationships
(Barbier et al. 2011). For giving an example, offshore seagrass beds and reefs
facilitate the sediment availability of nearby saltmarshes or mangroves, which in
turn decrease sea-water pollution by functioning as filter for polluted river- or
groundwater.
Acknowledgements We are thankful to Ricarda Pätsch, University of Alberta, and Andreas Moll,
University of Hamburg, for elaborate and valuable input and recommendations on a former version
of the manuscript.
References
Aggenbach C, Arens S, Fujita Y, Kooijman A, Neijmeijer T, Nijssen M, Stuyfzand P, van Til M,
van Boxel J, Cammeraat L (2018) Herstel Grijze duinen door reactiveren kleinschalige
dynamiek
Allen RB, McIntosh PD, Wilson JB (1997) The distribution of plants in relation to pH and saline/
alkaline soils in Central Otago, New Zealand. N Z J Bot 35:517–523
Ammar MSA (2009) Coral reef restoration and artificial reef management, future and economic.
Open Environ Eng J 2:37–49
Auerbach L, Goodbred S, Mondal D, Wilson C, Ahmed KR, Roy K, Steckler M, Gilligan J,
Ackerly B (2015) In the balance: natural v. embanked landscapes in the Ganges-Brahmaputra
tidal delta plain. Nat Clim Change 5:153–157. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2472
Badrinaryan B (2006) Gulf of Cambay Cradle of ancient civilization. https://grahamhancock.com/
badrinaryanb1/downloaded 11/2019
Balázs D, Valkó O, Tóthmérész B, Török P (2014) Alkali marshes of Central-Europe: ecology,
management and nature conservation. In: Salt marshes: ecosystem, vegetation and restoration
strategies. Nova Science Publishers, pp 1–11
Baptist MJ, Brasseur SMJM, Foekema EM, van Franeker JA, Kuhn S, Leopold MF (2019)
Mogelijke ecologische gevolgen containerramp MSC Zoe voor Waddenzee en Noordzee: een
quickscan (No. C029/19). Wageningen Marine Research
Barbier EB, Hacker SD, Kennedy C, Koch EW, Stier AC, Silliman BR (2011) The value of
estuarine and coastal ecosystem services. Ecol Monogr 81(2):169–193
Bernhardt K-G, Koch M (2003) Restoration of a salt marsh system: temporal change of plant
species diversity and composition. Basic Appl Ecol 4:441–451
Blainey G (2004) A very short history of the world. Penguin Books
Bowen JL, Valiela I, York JK (2001) Mangrove forests: one of the world’s threatened major
tropical environments. Bio Sci 51(10):807–815
Castroviejo S, Cirujano S, Lainz M, Motserrat P, Morales R, Munoz F, Navarro C, Paiva J, Soriano
C (eds) (1993) Flora iberica III: Plumbaginaceae (partim)-Capparaceae. Real Jardin Botanico,
C.S.I.C., Madrid
Cesar HJS, Burke L, Pet-Soede L (2003) The economics of worldwide coral reef degradation. Cesar
Environmental Economics Consulting, Arnhem
304
C. Hobohm et al.
2018).
Additionally, due to building development and artificial coastal defence, the
natural dynamic and the capacity of coastal habitats to migrate inland and to build
up vertically is reduced. Also, the ecological processes and dynamics of coastal
habitats are highly entangled (Duarte et al. 2008; Barbier et al. 2011) and their sound
ecosystem functioning partially depends on their positive synergetic relationships
(Barbier et al. 2011). For giving an example, offshore seagrass beds and reefs
facilitate the sediment availability of nearby saltmarshes or mangroves, which in
turn decrease sea-water pollution by functioning as filter for polluted river- or
groundwater.
Acknowledgements We are thankful to Ricarda Pätsch, University of Alberta, and Andreas Moll,
University of Hamburg, for elaborate and valuable input and recommendations on a former version
of the manuscript.
References
Aggenbach C, Arens S, Fujita Y, Kooijman A, Neijmeijer T, Nijssen M, Stuyfzand P, van Til M,
van Boxel J, Cammeraat L (2018) Herstel Grijze duinen door reactiveren kleinschalige
dynamiek
Allen RB, McIntosh PD, Wilson JB (1997) The distribution of plants in relation to pH and saline/
alkaline soils in Central Otago, New Zealand. N Z J Bot 35:517–523
Ammar MSA (2009) Coral reef restoration and artificial reef management, future and economic.
Open Environ Eng J 2:37–49
Auerbach L, Goodbred S, Mondal D, Wilson C, Ahmed KR, Roy K, Steckler M, Gilligan J,
Ackerly B (2015) In the balance: natural v. embanked landscapes in the Ganges-Brahmaputra
tidal delta plain. Nat Clim Change 5:153–157. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2472
Badrinaryan B (2006) Gulf of Cambay Cradle of ancient civilization. https://grahamhancock.com/
badrinaryanb1/downloaded 11/2019
Balázs D, Valkó O, Tóthmérész B, Török P (2014) Alkali marshes of Central-Europe: ecology,
management and nature conservation. In: Salt marshes: ecosystem, vegetation and restoration
strategies. Nova Science Publishers, pp 1–11
Baptist MJ, Brasseur SMJM, Foekema EM, van Franeker JA, Kuhn S, Leopold MF (2019)
Mogelijke ecologische gevolgen containerramp MSC Zoe voor Waddenzee en Noordzee: een
quickscan (No. C029/19). Wageningen Marine Research
Barbier EB, Hacker SD, Kennedy C, Koch EW, Stier AC, Silliman BR (2011) The value of
estuarine and coastal ecosystem services. Ecol Monogr 81(2):169–193
Bernhardt K-G, Koch M (2003) Restoration of a salt marsh system: temporal change of plant
species diversity and composition. Basic Appl Ecol 4:441–451
Blainey G (2004) A very short history of the world. Penguin Books
Bowen JL, Valiela I, York JK (2001) Mangrove forests: one of the world’s threatened major
tropical environments. Bio Sci 51(10):807–815
Castroviejo S, Cirujano S, Lainz M, Motserrat P, Morales R, Munoz F, Navarro C, Paiva J, Soriano
C (eds) (1993) Flora iberica III: Plumbaginaceae (partim)-Capparaceae. Real Jardin Botanico,
C.S.I.C., Madrid
Cesar HJS, Burke L, Pet-Soede L (2003) The economics of worldwide coral reef degradation. Cesar
Environmental Economics Consulting, Arnhem
304
C. Hobohm et al.