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H. Najmi et al.
decomposition of the honeycomb starts and in the end, the laminate present at the
back of the composite is decomposed. In all the cases, a large amount of CO emission
is observed after the flame out. The analysis of mass loss percentage suggests that
the addition of laminate at the back of the honeycomb structure does not help in
reducing the total mass loss but surely helps in providing rigidity to the complete
assembly.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the CPER FEDER project of Région Nouvelle
Aquitaine. The authors deeply appreciate the technical support of Mr. Marc Poisson (assistant engineer). This work pertains to the French Government program “Investissements d’Avenir” (LABEX
INTERACTIFS, reference ANR-11-LABX-0017-01). We also give many thanks to the “Institut
des Risques Industriels Assurantiels et Financiers” of the University of Poitiers for its technical
support.
References
1. Marsh G (2011) Bombardier throws down the gauntlet with Cseries airliner. Reinf Plast
55(6):22–26
2. Shi Y, Swait T, Soutis C (2012) Modelling damage evolution in composite laminates subjected
to low velocity impact. Compos Struct 94(9):2902–2913
3. FAR 25.853 a-1. Heat release test for cabin materials. Compiled by April Hornor, Aircraft
Materials Fire Test Handbook, FAA report DOT/FAA/AR-00/12, April 2000
4. Mouritz A. Fire safety of advanced composites for aircraft. ATSB Research and Analysis
Report Aviation Safety Research Grant—B2004/0046 2006 April
5. Kandola BK, Horrocks AR, Padmore K, Dalton J, Owen T (2006) Comparison of cone and
OSU calorimetric techniques to assess the flammability behaviour of fabrics used for aircraft
interiors. Fire Mater 30:241–255
6. Congleton J, Sharp R, Lunder S (2014) No escape: tests find toxic fire retardants in mothers—
and even more in toddlers. Environmental Working Group, Duke University, 7 Aug 2014
7. Babich MA (2006) CPSC staff preliminary risk assessment of Flame Retardant (FR) chemicals
in upholstered furniture foam. Consumer Product Safety Commission, US
8. Lyon R (1997) Fire-resistant materials: research overview. U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Aviation Administration, Final report
9. Kim M, Choe J, Lee DG (2016) Development of the fire retardant glass fabric/carbonized
phenolic composite. Compos Struct 148:191–197
10. Chen R, Xu X, Zhang Y, Lo S, Lu S (2018) Kinetic study on pyrolysis of waste phenolic
fibre-reinforced plastic. Appl Therm Eng 136:484–491
11. Perez MA, Gil L, Oller S (2011) Non-destructive evaluation of low velocity impact damage in
carbon fiber-reinforced laminated composites. Ultrasound 66(2):21–26
12. Wong BS (2013) Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: detecting delamination
defects using mechanical impedance, ultrasonic and infrared thermographic techniques, Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of polymer matrix composites, Woodhead Publishing Limited,
pp 279–308
13. Parker W, Filipczak R (1993) Modelling the heat release rate of aircraft cabin panels. U.S.
Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration, Final report
14. ISO 5660-1: reaction-to-fire tests: heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate: part 1:
heat release rate (cone calorimeter method) and smoke production rate (dynamic measurement).
Geneva: International Organization for Standardization, 2015
H. Najmi et al.
decomposition of the honeycomb starts and in the end, the laminate present at the
back of the composite is decomposed. In all the cases, a large amount of CO emission
is observed after the flame out. The analysis of mass loss percentage suggests that
the addition of laminate at the back of the honeycomb structure does not help in
reducing the total mass loss but surely helps in providing rigidity to the complete
assembly.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the CPER FEDER project of Région Nouvelle
Aquitaine. The authors deeply appreciate the technical support of Mr. Marc Poisson (assistant engineer). This work pertains to the French Government program “Investissements d’Avenir” (LABEX
INTERACTIFS, reference ANR-11-LABX-0017-01). We also give many thanks to the “Institut
des Risques Industriels Assurantiels et Financiers” of the University of Poitiers for its technical
support.
References
1. Marsh G (2011) Bombardier throws down the gauntlet with Cseries airliner. Reinf Plast
55(6):22–26
2. Shi Y, Swait T, Soutis C (2012) Modelling damage evolution in composite laminates subjected
to low velocity impact. Compos Struct 94(9):2902–2913
3. FAR 25.853 a-1. Heat release test for cabin materials. Compiled by April Hornor, Aircraft
Materials Fire Test Handbook, FAA report DOT/FAA/AR-00/12, April 2000
4. Mouritz A. Fire safety of advanced composites for aircraft. ATSB Research and Analysis
Report Aviation Safety Research Grant—B2004/0046 2006 April
5. Kandola BK, Horrocks AR, Padmore K, Dalton J, Owen T (2006) Comparison of cone and
OSU calorimetric techniques to assess the flammability behaviour of fabrics used for aircraft
interiors. Fire Mater 30:241–255
6. Congleton J, Sharp R, Lunder S (2014) No escape: tests find toxic fire retardants in mothers—
and even more in toddlers. Environmental Working Group, Duke University, 7 Aug 2014
7. Babich MA (2006) CPSC staff preliminary risk assessment of Flame Retardant (FR) chemicals
in upholstered furniture foam. Consumer Product Safety Commission, US
8. Lyon R (1997) Fire-resistant materials: research overview. U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Aviation Administration, Final report
9. Kim M, Choe J, Lee DG (2016) Development of the fire retardant glass fabric/carbonized
phenolic composite. Compos Struct 148:191–197
10. Chen R, Xu X, Zhang Y, Lo S, Lu S (2018) Kinetic study on pyrolysis of waste phenolic
fibre-reinforced plastic. Appl Therm Eng 136:484–491
11. Perez MA, Gil L, Oller S (2011) Non-destructive evaluation of low velocity impact damage in
carbon fiber-reinforced laminated composites. Ultrasound 66(2):21–26
12. Wong BS (2013) Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of composites: detecting delamination
defects using mechanical impedance, ultrasonic and infrared thermographic techniques, Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of polymer matrix composites, Woodhead Publishing Limited,
pp 279–308
13. Parker W, Filipczak R (1993) Modelling the heat release rate of aircraft cabin panels. U.S.
Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration, Final report
14. ISO 5660-1: reaction-to-fire tests: heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate: part 1:
heat release rate (cone calorimeter method) and smoke production rate (dynamic measurement).
Geneva: International Organization for Standardization, 2015