498
K. Anirudh and S. N. Yeole
polyurethane contributes to ease of motion and chloroprene rubber foam is used. The
percentage of force attenuation was calculated under impact testing [22].
4 Conclusion
Most of the injuries occur due to the instability of the knee. Radiographic images are
used to identify the type of injury and helps the orthopaedic surgeon in the diagnosis.
Several studies suggest the use of orthopaedic devices depending on the KellgrenLawrence grading. The ergonomics study of leg is helpful in designing the knee
braces and implants. The kinematics of knee in forward motion has a major chance
of ACL injury occurrence. The orthopaedic devices are used to reduce the forces
acting on the knee. Different postures of the knee are studied and maximum stress
acting on plateau is observed while kneeling. This emphasizes the need to design
knee pad and other orthopaedic devices so as to have reduced internal stresses.
3D scanners provide better accuracy and repeatability than manual measurements
for capturing knee dimensions while modeling a patient-specific device. Protective
knee pads are used to protect the knee from a sudden impact force. Polyethylene
shell and polyurethane foam has better energy absorption properties. AM process
has reduced the steps in the preparation of customized patient-specific devices. AM
is preferred than traditional methods because of low-cost production, lightweight,
and ease of design. PEEK is found to be the strongest polymer material used for
3D printing. Thermoplastic polyurethane has more percentage of force attenuation
when compared with ABS, PLA, ABS, PETT, and nylon.
References
1. Smith CC (2004) Acute knee injury: evaluating the painful knee: a hands-on approach to acute
ligamentous and meniscal injuries. Sports Med Adv Stud Med 4:362–369
2. Bruno F, Barile A, Arrigoni F, Laporta A, Russo A, Carotti M, Splendiani A, Di Cesare E,
Masciocchi C (2018) Weight-bearing MRI of the knee: a review of advantages and limits. J
Acta Bio Med 89(Suppl 1):78
3. Sureshbabu P, Ashok C (2010) Two dimensional motion analysis on angle of knee joint bend
during long jump take-off. Br J Sports Med 44(Suppl1):i47–48
4. Bacon CE, Van Lunen BL, Hankemeier DA (2018) Postprofessional athletic training students’
perceptions concerning the health care competencies. J Athletic Training Educ 4:309–323
5. Liu Y (2013) Doctoral dissertation: a study of warp-knitted spacer fabrics as cushioning
materials for human body protection. Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
6. Dahm DL, Curriero FC, Camp CL, Brophy RH, Leo T, Meister K, Paletta GA, Steubs JA,
Mandelbaum BR, Pollack KM (2016) Epidemiology and impact of knee injuries in Major and
Minor League Baseball players. Am J Orthop 45(3):E54–62
7. Majewski M, Susanne H, Klaus S (2006) Epidemiology of athletic knee injuries: a 10-year
study. Knee 3:184–188
K. Anirudh and S. N. Yeole
polyurethane contributes to ease of motion and chloroprene rubber foam is used. The
percentage of force attenuation was calculated under impact testing [22].
4 Conclusion
Most of the injuries occur due to the instability of the knee. Radiographic images are
used to identify the type of injury and helps the orthopaedic surgeon in the diagnosis.
Several studies suggest the use of orthopaedic devices depending on the KellgrenLawrence grading. The ergonomics study of leg is helpful in designing the knee
braces and implants. The kinematics of knee in forward motion has a major chance
of ACL injury occurrence. The orthopaedic devices are used to reduce the forces
acting on the knee. Different postures of the knee are studied and maximum stress
acting on plateau is observed while kneeling. This emphasizes the need to design
knee pad and other orthopaedic devices so as to have reduced internal stresses.
3D scanners provide better accuracy and repeatability than manual measurements
for capturing knee dimensions while modeling a patient-specific device. Protective
knee pads are used to protect the knee from a sudden impact force. Polyethylene
shell and polyurethane foam has better energy absorption properties. AM process
has reduced the steps in the preparation of customized patient-specific devices. AM
is preferred than traditional methods because of low-cost production, lightweight,
and ease of design. PEEK is found to be the strongest polymer material used for
3D printing. Thermoplastic polyurethane has more percentage of force attenuation
when compared with ABS, PLA, ABS, PETT, and nylon.
References
1. Smith CC (2004) Acute knee injury: evaluating the painful knee: a hands-on approach to acute
ligamentous and meniscal injuries. Sports Med Adv Stud Med 4:362–369
2. Bruno F, Barile A, Arrigoni F, Laporta A, Russo A, Carotti M, Splendiani A, Di Cesare E,
Masciocchi C (2018) Weight-bearing MRI of the knee: a review of advantages and limits. J
Acta Bio Med 89(Suppl 1):78
3. Sureshbabu P, Ashok C (2010) Two dimensional motion analysis on angle of knee joint bend
during long jump take-off. Br J Sports Med 44(Suppl1):i47–48
4. Bacon CE, Van Lunen BL, Hankemeier DA (2018) Postprofessional athletic training students’
perceptions concerning the health care competencies. J Athletic Training Educ 4:309–323
5. Liu Y (2013) Doctoral dissertation: a study of warp-knitted spacer fabrics as cushioning
materials for human body protection. Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
6. Dahm DL, Curriero FC, Camp CL, Brophy RH, Leo T, Meister K, Paletta GA, Steubs JA,
Mandelbaum BR, Pollack KM (2016) Epidemiology and impact of knee injuries in Major and
Minor League Baseball players. Am J Orthop 45(3):E54–62
7. Majewski M, Susanne H, Klaus S (2006) Epidemiology of athletic knee injuries: a 10-year
study. Knee 3:184–188