266
Q. Alkhalaf et al.
1 Introduction
In the global market, new products are introduced very rapidly due to varying
customer’s choices. ˙ In order to meet customer preferences, different materials are
essential. It is, therefore, necessary to introduce new materials. In such a scenario,
the selection of the material depends on the application. The desired criteria which
are satisfied by the material in the developing phase are viz. functionality, ability
to retain its properties. The metals, polymers and ceramic are main components
that are mostly used in the engineering products to meet the customer requirements.
The products are manufactured conventionally with the help of a series of operations. The sequence follows primary processes such as casting, forging followed
by the secondary processes like machining, involving roughing and finishing operations and then finally by the tertiary processes or the material joining processes, for
example, fastening, welding, adhesive bonding.
PDMS, a soft rubber, which is used in many fields such as the medical to make
prostheses and microfluidic as well as electrical devices. There is a big challenge in
achieving curing and printing the PDMS owing to several reasons, such as it has lower
yield stress, lower glass transition temperatures. The curing agents used lately were
very much time-consuming; it used to take about 72 h for the curing. Therefore, the
parts printed with PDMS generally have support material such as gel and PVA. The
curing and hardening agents such as platinum catalysts, TOP-L and ITX are being
used to achieve printing without support material along with improved mechanical
and electrical properties (Table 1).
Table 1 Different materials used in applications similar to biomedical
Application
Materials
Process for additive manufacturing
Microfluidic
Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate [1]
−
PDMS [2–5]
SLA, FDM
poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate
(PEGDA) [5]
SLA
Biomedical
Stainless steels, (Co–Cr–Mo) and Ti,
(especially Ti–6Al–4V) [6]
electron-beam melted (EBM)
Calcium Polyphosphate (CPP) with
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) [7]
Solid freeform fabrication (SFF)
Poly(ethylene glycol)- terephthalate
poly (butylene terephthalate)
(PEGT/PBT) [8]
FDM
Pharmaceutical
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose,
polyacrylic acid (PAA) [9]
FDM
Polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol
[10]
FDM
Q. Alkhalaf et al.
1 Introduction
In the global market, new products are introduced very rapidly due to varying
customer’s choices. ˙ In order to meet customer preferences, different materials are
essential. It is, therefore, necessary to introduce new materials. In such a scenario,
the selection of the material depends on the application. The desired criteria which
are satisfied by the material in the developing phase are viz. functionality, ability
to retain its properties. The metals, polymers and ceramic are main components
that are mostly used in the engineering products to meet the customer requirements.
The products are manufactured conventionally with the help of a series of operations. The sequence follows primary processes such as casting, forging followed
by the secondary processes like machining, involving roughing and finishing operations and then finally by the tertiary processes or the material joining processes, for
example, fastening, welding, adhesive bonding.
PDMS, a soft rubber, which is used in many fields such as the medical to make
prostheses and microfluidic as well as electrical devices. There is a big challenge in
achieving curing and printing the PDMS owing to several reasons, such as it has lower
yield stress, lower glass transition temperatures. The curing agents used lately were
very much time-consuming; it used to take about 72 h for the curing. Therefore, the
parts printed with PDMS generally have support material such as gel and PVA. The
curing and hardening agents such as platinum catalysts, TOP-L and ITX are being
used to achieve printing without support material along with improved mechanical
and electrical properties (Table 1).
Table 1 Different materials used in applications similar to biomedical
Application
Materials
Process for additive manufacturing
Microfluidic
Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate [1]
−
PDMS [2–5]
SLA, FDM
poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate
(PEGDA) [5]
SLA
Biomedical
Stainless steels, (Co–Cr–Mo) and Ti,
(especially Ti–6Al–4V) [6]
electron-beam melted (EBM)
Calcium Polyphosphate (CPP) with
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) [7]
Solid freeform fabrication (SFF)
Poly(ethylene glycol)- terephthalate
poly (butylene terephthalate)
(PEGT/PBT) [8]
FDM
Pharmaceutical
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose,
polyacrylic acid (PAA) [9]
FDM
Polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol
[10]
FDM