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10.1038/s41428-018-0064-4
12. Uchida E, Azumi R, Norikane Y (2015) Light-induced crawling of crystals on a glass surface.
Nat Commun 6:7310. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8310
13. Ichimura K, Oh S-K, Nakagawa M (2000) Light-driven motion of liquids on a photoresponsive
surface. Science 288:1624–1626
14. Oh S, Nakagawa M, Ichimura K (2002) Photocontrol of liquid motion on an azobenzene
monolayer. J Mater Chem 12:2262–2269
15. Berna J, Leigh D, Lubomska M, Mendoza S, Perez E, Rudolf P, Teobaldi G, Zerbetto F (2005)
Macroscopic transport by synthetic molecular machines. Nat Mater 4:704–710
16. Chaudhury MK, Whitesides GM (1992) How to make water run uphill. Science 256:1539–1541.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.256.5063.1539
17. Astumian RD (1997) Thermodynamics and kinetics of a Brownian motor. Science 276:917–
922. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5314.917
18. Saito K, Ohnuma M, Norikane Y (2019) Negative phototactic behaviour of crystals on a glass
surface. Chem Commun 55:9303–9306. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cc03826d
19. Yue Y, Norikane Y, Azumi R, Koyama E (2018) Light-induced mechanical response in
crosslinked liquid-crystalline polymers with photoswitchable glass transition temperatures.
Nat Commun 9:3234. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05744-x
20. Yue Y, Gong JP (2015) Tunable one-dimensional photonic crystals from soft materials. J
Photochem Photobiol C Photochem Rev 23:45–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.
2015.05.001
21. Van Oosten CL, Bastiaansen CWM, Broer DJ (2009) Printed artificial cilia from liquid-crystal
network actuators modularly driven by light. Nat Mater 8:677–682. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nmat2487
22. Liu D, Broer DJ (2015) New insights into photoactivated volume generation boost surface
morphing in liquid crystal coatings. Nat Commun 6:8334. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms
9334
23. Gelebart AH, Mulder DJ, Varga M, Konya A, Vantomme G, Meijer EW, Selinger RLB, Broer
DJ (2017) Making waves in a photoactive polymer film. Nature 546:632–636. https://doi.org/
10.1038/nature22987
24. Gelebart AH, Vantomme G, Meijer EW, Broer DJ (2017) Mastering the photothermal effect
in liquid crystal networks: a general approach for self-sustained mechanical oscillators. Adv
Mater 29:1606712. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201606712
25. Gelebart AH, Mulder DJ, Vantomme G, Schenning APHJ, Broer DJ (2017) A rewritable,
reprogrammable, dual light-responsive polymer actuator. Angew Chemie - Int Ed 56:13436–
13439. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201706793
26. Norikane Y, Tanaka S, Uchida E (2016) Azobenzene crystals swim on water surface triggered
by light. CrystEngComm 18:7225–7228. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CE00738D
Y. Norikane et al.
11. Yamamoto T, Norikane Y, Akiyama H (2018) Photochemical liquefaction and softening in
molecular materials, polymers, and related compounds. Polym J 50:551–562. https://doi.org/
10.1038/s41428-018-0064-4
12. Uchida E, Azumi R, Norikane Y (2015) Light-induced crawling of crystals on a glass surface.
Nat Commun 6:7310. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8310
13. Ichimura K, Oh S-K, Nakagawa M (2000) Light-driven motion of liquids on a photoresponsive
surface. Science 288:1624–1626
14. Oh S, Nakagawa M, Ichimura K (2002) Photocontrol of liquid motion on an azobenzene
monolayer. J Mater Chem 12:2262–2269
15. Berna J, Leigh D, Lubomska M, Mendoza S, Perez E, Rudolf P, Teobaldi G, Zerbetto F (2005)
Macroscopic transport by synthetic molecular machines. Nat Mater 4:704–710
16. Chaudhury MK, Whitesides GM (1992) How to make water run uphill. Science 256:1539–1541.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.256.5063.1539
17. Astumian RD (1997) Thermodynamics and kinetics of a Brownian motor. Science 276:917–
922. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5314.917
18. Saito K, Ohnuma M, Norikane Y (2019) Negative phototactic behaviour of crystals on a glass
surface. Chem Commun 55:9303–9306. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cc03826d
19. Yue Y, Norikane Y, Azumi R, Koyama E (2018) Light-induced mechanical response in
crosslinked liquid-crystalline polymers with photoswitchable glass transition temperatures.
Nat Commun 9:3234. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05744-x
20. Yue Y, Gong JP (2015) Tunable one-dimensional photonic crystals from soft materials. J
Photochem Photobiol C Photochem Rev 23:45–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.
2015.05.001
21. Van Oosten CL, Bastiaansen CWM, Broer DJ (2009) Printed artificial cilia from liquid-crystal
network actuators modularly driven by light. Nat Mater 8:677–682. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nmat2487
22. Liu D, Broer DJ (2015) New insights into photoactivated volume generation boost surface
morphing in liquid crystal coatings. Nat Commun 6:8334. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms
9334
23. Gelebart AH, Mulder DJ, Varga M, Konya A, Vantomme G, Meijer EW, Selinger RLB, Broer
DJ (2017) Making waves in a photoactive polymer film. Nature 546:632–636. https://doi.org/
10.1038/nature22987
24. Gelebart AH, Vantomme G, Meijer EW, Broer DJ (2017) Mastering the photothermal effect
in liquid crystal networks: a general approach for self-sustained mechanical oscillators. Adv
Mater 29:1606712. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201606712
25. Gelebart AH, Mulder DJ, Vantomme G, Schenning APHJ, Broer DJ (2017) A rewritable,
reprogrammable, dual light-responsive polymer actuator. Angew Chemie - Int Ed 56:13436–
13439. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201706793
26. Norikane Y, Tanaka S, Uchida E (2016) Azobenzene crystals swim on water surface triggered
by light. CrystEngComm 18:7225–7228. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CE00738D