11 The Confinement and Migration of Charge-Carriers in Lead …
209
12. Miyata A, Mitioglu A, Plochocka P, Portugall O, Wang JT, Stranks SD, Snaith HJ, Nicholas
RJ (2015) Direct measurement of the exciton binding energy and effective masses for charge
carriers in organic-inorganic tri-halide perovskites. Nat Phys 11:582–587
13. Butkus J, Vashishtha P, Chen K, Gallaher JK, Prasad SKK, Metin DZ, Laufersky G, Gaston N,
Halpert JE, Hodgkiss JM (2017) The Evolution of quantum confinement in CsPbBr 3 perovskite
nanocrystals. Chem Mater 29:3644–3652
14. Shi D, Adinolfi V, Comin R, Yuan M, Alarousu E, Buin A, Chen Y, Hoogland S, Rothenberger
A, Katsiev K, Losovyj Y, Zhang X, Dowben PA, Mohammed OF, Sargent EH, Bakr OM
(2015) Low trap-state density and long carrier diffusion in organolead trihalide perovskite
single crystals. Science 347:519–522
15. Levchuk I, Osvet A, Tang X, Brandl M, Perea JD, Hoegl F, Matt GJ, Hock R, Batentschuk
M, Brabec CJ (2017) Brightly luminescent and color-tunable formamidinium lead halide
perovskite FAPbX 3 (X = Cl, Br, I) colloidal nanocrystals. Nano Lett 17:2765–2770
16. Zheng K, Zhu Q, Abdellah M, Messing ME, Zhang W, Generalov A, Niu Y, Ribaud L, Canton
SE, Pullerits T (2015) Exciton binding energy and the nature of emissive states in organometal
halide perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 6:2969–2975
17. Li M, Bhaumik S, Goh TW, Kumar MS, Yantara N, Grätzel M, Mhaisalkar S, Mathews N, Sum
TC (2017) Slow cooling and highly efficient extraction of hot carriers in colloidal perovskite
nanocrystals. Nat Commun 8:14350
18. Li M, Begum R, Fu J, Xu Q, Koh TM, Veldhuis SA, Grätzel M, Mathews N, Mhaisalkar S,
Sum TC (2018) Low threshold and efficient multiple exciton generation in halide perovskite
nanocrystals. Nat Commun 9:4197
19. Tanaka K, Takahashi T, Ban T, Kondo T, Uchida K, Miura N (2003) Comparative study on
the excitons in lead-halide-based perovskite-type crystals CH 3 NH 3 PbBr 3 CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 . Solid
State Commun 127:619–623
20. Ghimire S, Biju V (2018) Relations of exciton dynamics in quantum dots to photoluminescence,
lasing, and energy harvesting. J Photochem Photobiol C 34:137–151
21. Galland C, Ghosh Y, Steinbrück A, Sykora M, Hollingsworth JA, Klimov VI, Htoon H (2011)
Two types of luminescence blinking revealed by spectroelectrochemistry of single quantum
dots. Nature 479:203–207
22. Tian Y, Merdasa A, Peter M, Abdellah M, Zheng K, Ponseca CS Jr, Pullerits T, Yartsev A, Sundström V, Scheblykin IG (2015) Giant photoluminescence blinking of perovskite nanocrystals
reveals single-trap control of luminescence. Nano Lett 15:1603–1608
23. Gerhard M, Louis B, Camacho R, Merdasa A, Li J, Kiligaridis A, Dobrovolsky A,
Hofkens J, Scheblykin IG (2019) Microscopic insight into nonradiative decay in perovskite
semiconductors from temperature-dependent luminescence blinking. Nat Commun 10:1698
24. Park Y-S, Guo S, Makarov NS, Klimov VI (2015) Room temperature single-photon emission
from individual perovskite quantum dots. ACS Nano 9:10386–10393
25. Chouhan L, Ghimire S, Biju V (2019) Blinking beats bleaching: the control of superoxide
generation by photo-ionized perovskite nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed 58:4875–4879
26. Li C, Zhong Y, Luna CAM, Unger T, Deichsel K, Gräser A, Köhler J, Köhler A, Hildner
R, Huettner S (2016) Emission enhancement and intermittency in polycrystalline organolead
halide perovskite films. Molecules 21:1081
27. Yuan G, Ritchie C, Ritter M, Murphy S, Gómez DE, Mulvaney P (2018) The degradation and
blinking of single CsPbI 3 perovskite quantum dots. J Phys Chem C 122:13407–13415
28. Murray CB, Kagan CR, Bawendi MG (1995) Self-organization of CdSe nanocrystallites into
three-dimensional quantum dot superlattices. Science 270:1335–1338
29. Collier CP, Vossmeyer T, Heath JR (1998) Nanocrystal superlattices. Annu Rev Phys Chem
49:371–404
30. Kagan CR, Murray CB (2015) Charge transport in strongly coupled quantum dot solids. Nat
Nanotechnol 10:1013–1026
31. Harman TC, Taylor PJ, Walsh MP, LaForge BE (2002) Quantum dot superlattice thermoelectric
materials and devices. Science 297:2229–2232
209
12. Miyata A, Mitioglu A, Plochocka P, Portugall O, Wang JT, Stranks SD, Snaith HJ, Nicholas
RJ (2015) Direct measurement of the exciton binding energy and effective masses for charge
carriers in organic-inorganic tri-halide perovskites. Nat Phys 11:582–587
13. Butkus J, Vashishtha P, Chen K, Gallaher JK, Prasad SKK, Metin DZ, Laufersky G, Gaston N,
Halpert JE, Hodgkiss JM (2017) The Evolution of quantum confinement in CsPbBr 3 perovskite
nanocrystals. Chem Mater 29:3644–3652
14. Shi D, Adinolfi V, Comin R, Yuan M, Alarousu E, Buin A, Chen Y, Hoogland S, Rothenberger
A, Katsiev K, Losovyj Y, Zhang X, Dowben PA, Mohammed OF, Sargent EH, Bakr OM
(2015) Low trap-state density and long carrier diffusion in organolead trihalide perovskite
single crystals. Science 347:519–522
15. Levchuk I, Osvet A, Tang X, Brandl M, Perea JD, Hoegl F, Matt GJ, Hock R, Batentschuk
M, Brabec CJ (2017) Brightly luminescent and color-tunable formamidinium lead halide
perovskite FAPbX 3 (X = Cl, Br, I) colloidal nanocrystals. Nano Lett 17:2765–2770
16. Zheng K, Zhu Q, Abdellah M, Messing ME, Zhang W, Generalov A, Niu Y, Ribaud L, Canton
SE, Pullerits T (2015) Exciton binding energy and the nature of emissive states in organometal
halide perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 6:2969–2975
17. Li M, Bhaumik S, Goh TW, Kumar MS, Yantara N, Grätzel M, Mhaisalkar S, Mathews N, Sum
TC (2017) Slow cooling and highly efficient extraction of hot carriers in colloidal perovskite
nanocrystals. Nat Commun 8:14350
18. Li M, Begum R, Fu J, Xu Q, Koh TM, Veldhuis SA, Grätzel M, Mathews N, Mhaisalkar S,
Sum TC (2018) Low threshold and efficient multiple exciton generation in halide perovskite
nanocrystals. Nat Commun 9:4197
19. Tanaka K, Takahashi T, Ban T, Kondo T, Uchida K, Miura N (2003) Comparative study on
the excitons in lead-halide-based perovskite-type crystals CH 3 NH 3 PbBr 3 CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 . Solid
State Commun 127:619–623
20. Ghimire S, Biju V (2018) Relations of exciton dynamics in quantum dots to photoluminescence,
lasing, and energy harvesting. J Photochem Photobiol C 34:137–151
21. Galland C, Ghosh Y, Steinbrück A, Sykora M, Hollingsworth JA, Klimov VI, Htoon H (2011)
Two types of luminescence blinking revealed by spectroelectrochemistry of single quantum
dots. Nature 479:203–207
22. Tian Y, Merdasa A, Peter M, Abdellah M, Zheng K, Ponseca CS Jr, Pullerits T, Yartsev A, Sundström V, Scheblykin IG (2015) Giant photoluminescence blinking of perovskite nanocrystals
reveals single-trap control of luminescence. Nano Lett 15:1603–1608
23. Gerhard M, Louis B, Camacho R, Merdasa A, Li J, Kiligaridis A, Dobrovolsky A,
Hofkens J, Scheblykin IG (2019) Microscopic insight into nonradiative decay in perovskite
semiconductors from temperature-dependent luminescence blinking. Nat Commun 10:1698
24. Park Y-S, Guo S, Makarov NS, Klimov VI (2015) Room temperature single-photon emission
from individual perovskite quantum dots. ACS Nano 9:10386–10393
25. Chouhan L, Ghimire S, Biju V (2019) Blinking beats bleaching: the control of superoxide
generation by photo-ionized perovskite nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed 58:4875–4879
26. Li C, Zhong Y, Luna CAM, Unger T, Deichsel K, Gräser A, Köhler J, Köhler A, Hildner
R, Huettner S (2016) Emission enhancement and intermittency in polycrystalline organolead
halide perovskite films. Molecules 21:1081
27. Yuan G, Ritchie C, Ritter M, Murphy S, Gómez DE, Mulvaney P (2018) The degradation and
blinking of single CsPbI 3 perovskite quantum dots. J Phys Chem C 122:13407–13415
28. Murray CB, Kagan CR, Bawendi MG (1995) Self-organization of CdSe nanocrystallites into
three-dimensional quantum dot superlattices. Science 270:1335–1338
29. Collier CP, Vossmeyer T, Heath JR (1998) Nanocrystal superlattices. Annu Rev Phys Chem
49:371–404
30. Kagan CR, Murray CB (2015) Charge transport in strongly coupled quantum dot solids. Nat
Nanotechnol 10:1013–1026
31. Harman TC, Taylor PJ, Walsh MP, LaForge BE (2002) Quantum dot superlattice thermoelectric
materials and devices. Science 297:2229–2232