16,000
14,000
12,000
Wave

10,000

Tidal barrage
Tidal

8,000

River hydrokinetic
OTEC
6,000
Ocean current
4,000
2,000
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Capacity (MW)
Electricity
Sun
Mariculture
Nori
Abalone
Clams
Oysters
Lobsters
Shrimp
Salmon
Steelhead
trout
Desalinated water
Drinking
Irrigation
Cold-water discharge
Kelp
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Cold-water
refrigeration
OTEC
Cold water
Building
airconditioning
Warm water
Air-conditioning
FIGURE 13.9 A schematic of OTEC process with applications. (Adapted from “Ocean
thermal energy conversion,” Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2013.)
FIGURE 13.10 Cumulative marine and hydrokinetic energy installed capacity by technology, world market: 2008–2017. (Adapted from Gauntlett, D. and Asmus, P., “Executive summary: Hydrokinetic and Ocean Energy; Renewable power generation from ocean wave, tidal
stream, river hydrokinetic, ocean current, and ocean thermal technologies,” Research report
by Pike Research, Cleantech Market Intelligence, Boulder, CO, 2012.)