Reservoir
Long-distance
Powerhouse
power lines
Intake
Generator
Penstock
Turbine
River
263
0
Geothermal gradient
in permafrost
Depth of permafrost
Geothermal
gradient
500
Permafrost
Zone of
gas hydrates
in permafrost
1000
Depth/meter
1500
The sediments are saturated with water.
273
283
Zone of hydrates in permafrost
293 T (K)
Phase boundary
(b)
FIGURE 12.2 (Continued) Gas hydrate stability fields for (b) permafrost settings. (From
Tohidi, 2013, pers. comm. With permission.)
FIGURE 13.1 Cross section of a conventional hydroelectric dam. (Adapted from
“Hydroelectricity,” Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 1–7, 2012.)