11.5.3 Radiolysis ................................................................. 320
11.5.4 Shock Waves and Mechanical Pulses....................... 320
11.5.5 Catalytic Decomposition of Water ........................... 321
11.5.6 Plasmolysis ............................................................... 321
11.5.7 Magnetolysis............................................................. 321
References ........................................................................................ 322
Chapter 12 Methane from Gas Hydrates ............................................................ 329
12.1 Introduction: What Is Gas Hydrate and How Is It Formed?..... 329
12.2 Sources, Sizes, and Importance of Gas Hydrate Deposits .... 330
12.3 Importance of Gas Hydrates on Offshore Oil and Gas
Operations ............................................................................. 335
12.3.1 Drilling..................................................................... 335
12.3.2 Production by Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery
Methods.................................................................... 336
12.3.3 Natural Gas Hydrates versus Liquefied Natural
Gas in Transportation .............................................. 337
12.4 Environmental Impacts of Gas Hydrates ............................. 337
12.5 Production of Methane from Gas Hydrate Reservoirs .......... 339
12.5.1 Thermal Stimulation ................................................340
12.5.2 Depressurization.......................................................340
12.5.3 Inhibitor Injection..................................................... 341
12.5.4 Gas Exchange ........................................................... 342
12.5.5 EGHR Method ......................................................... 343
12.5.6 Computer Simulation ............................................... 345
12.5.7 Commercial Applications.........................................346
References ........................................................................................346
Chapter 13 Power and Energy Directly from Water........................................... 361
13.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 361
13.2 Hydroelectric Power by Water Dams .................................... 361
13.2.1 Conventional Dams .................................................. 363
13.2.2 Pumped Storage ....................................................... 363
13.2.3 Other Methods..........................................................364
13.2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroelectric
Power ........................................................................364
13.2.4.1 Advantages................................................364
13.2.4.2 Disadvantages ........................................... 365
13.2.5 Environmental Issues ............................................... 365
13.2.6 Size and Capacities of Hydroelectric Power
Facilities ................................................................... 366
13.2.6.1 Small Hydropower Plants ......................... 366
13.2.6.2 Microhydropower Plants........................... 366
13.2.6.3 Picohydropower Plants ............................. 367
Contents
xiii
11.5.4 Shock Waves and Mechanical Pulses....................... 320
11.5.5 Catalytic Decomposition of Water ........................... 321
11.5.6 Plasmolysis ............................................................... 321
11.5.7 Magnetolysis............................................................. 321
References ........................................................................................ 322
Chapter 12 Methane from Gas Hydrates ............................................................ 329
12.1 Introduction: What Is Gas Hydrate and How Is It Formed?..... 329
12.2 Sources, Sizes, and Importance of Gas Hydrate Deposits .... 330
12.3 Importance of Gas Hydrates on Offshore Oil and Gas
Operations ............................................................................. 335
12.3.1 Drilling..................................................................... 335
12.3.2 Production by Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery
Methods.................................................................... 336
12.3.3 Natural Gas Hydrates versus Liquefied Natural
Gas in Transportation .............................................. 337
12.4 Environmental Impacts of Gas Hydrates ............................. 337
12.5 Production of Methane from Gas Hydrate Reservoirs .......... 339
12.5.1 Thermal Stimulation ................................................340
12.5.2 Depressurization.......................................................340
12.5.3 Inhibitor Injection..................................................... 341
12.5.4 Gas Exchange ........................................................... 342
12.5.5 EGHR Method ......................................................... 343
12.5.6 Computer Simulation ............................................... 345
12.5.7 Commercial Applications.........................................346
References ........................................................................................346
Chapter 13 Power and Energy Directly from Water........................................... 361
13.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 361
13.2 Hydroelectric Power by Water Dams .................................... 361
13.2.1 Conventional Dams .................................................. 363
13.2.2 Pumped Storage ....................................................... 363
13.2.3 Other Methods..........................................................364
13.2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroelectric
Power ........................................................................364
13.2.4.1 Advantages................................................364
13.2.4.2 Disadvantages ........................................... 365
13.2.5 Environmental Issues ............................................... 365
13.2.6 Size and Capacities of Hydroelectric Power
Facilities ................................................................... 366
13.2.6.1 Small Hydropower Plants ......................... 366
13.2.6.2 Microhydropower Plants........................... 366
13.2.6.3 Picohydropower Plants ............................. 367
Contents
xiii