41. Dalai, A.K., Sasaoka, E., Hikita, H., and Ferdous, D., “Catalytic gasification of sawdust
derived from various biomass,” Energy & Fuels, 17 (6), 1456–1463 (2003).
42. Hu, G., xu, S., Li, S., xiao, C., and Liu, S., “Steam gasification of apricot stones with
olivine and dolomite as downstream catalysts,” Fuel Processing Technology, 87 (5),
375–382 (2006).
43. Sutton, D., Kelleher, B., and Ross, J., “Review of literature on catalysts for biomass
gasification,” Fuel Processing Technology, 73, 155–173 (2001).
44. Aznar, M.P., Delgado, J., Corella, J., and Aragues, J.L., “Fuel and useful gas by steam
gasification of biomass in fluidized bed with downstream methane and steam reforming:
New results,” in Grassi, G., Collina, A., and Zibetta, H. (eds.), Biomass for Industry,
Energy and Environment: 6th EC Conference, Elsevier Applied Science, New York,
707–713 (1992).
45. Aznar, M.P., Corella, J., Delgado, J., and Lahoz, J., “Improved steam gasification of
lignocellulosic residues in a fluidized bed with commercial steam reforming catalysts,”
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 32 (1), 1–10 (1993).
46. Aznar, M.P., Caballero, M.A., Gil, J., Marte, J.A., and Corella, J., “Commercial steam
reforming catalysts to improve biomass gasification with steam/oxygen mixtures.
2. Catalytic tar removal,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 37 (97),
2668–2680 (1998).
47. xu, G., Murakami, T., Suda, T., Kusama, S., and Fujimori, T., “Distinctive effects of CaO
additive on atmospheric gasification of biomass at different temperatures,” Industrial &
Engineering Chemistry Research, 44 (15), 5864–5868 (2005).
48. Lee, W.J., “Catalytic activity of alkali and transition metal salt mixtures for steam-char
gasification,” Fuel, 74 (9), 1387–1393 (1995).
49. Lee W., Nam, S., Kim, S., Lee, K., and Choi, C., “The effect of Na 2 CO 3 on the catalytic
gasification of rice straw over nickel catalysts supported on Kieselguhr Seung,” Korean
Journal of Chemical Engineering, 17 (2), 174–178 (2000).
50. Simell, P., Stahlberg, P., Solantausta, Y., Hepola, J., and Kurkela, E., “Gasification
gas cleaning with nickel monolith catalysts,” in Bridgewater, A. and Boocock, D.G.
(eds.), Development of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion. Blackie Academic &
Professional, Glasgow, 1103–1116 (1997).
51. Simell, P., Leppalahti, J., and Bredenberg, J., “Catalytic purification of tarry fuel gas
with carbonate rocks and ferrous materials,” Fuel, 71, 211–218 (1992).
52. Simell, P., Leppalahti, J., and Kurkela, E., “Tar decomposition activity of carbonate
rocks under high CO 2 pressure,” Fuel, 74 (6), 938–945 (1995).
53. Olivares, A., Aznar, M.P., Caballero, M.A., Gill, J., Franes, E., and Corella, J., “Biomass
gasification: Produced gas upgrading by in-bed use of dolomite,” Industrial & Engineering
Chemistry Research, 36, 5220–5226 (1997).
54. Rapagna, S., Jand, N., Kiennemann, A., and Foscolo, P., “Steam gasification of biomass
in a fluidized bed of olivine particles,” Biomass & Bioenergy, 19, 187–197 (2000).
55. Ciferno, J. and Marano, J., “Benchmarking biomass gasification technologies for fuels,
chemicals and hydrogen production,” DOE Report by National Energy Technology
Laboratory, Washington, DC (2002).
56. Kumar, A., Jones, D., and Hanna, M., “Thermochemical biomass gasification: A review
of the current status of the technology,” Energies, 2, 556–581 (2009).
57. Shah, Y.T. and Gardner, T., “Dry reforming of hydrocarbons,” Catalysis Reviews Science
and Engineering (in press).
58. York, P.E., xiao, T.C., Green, M.L.H., and Claridge, J.B., “Methane oxyforming for
synthesis gas production,” Catalysis Reviews, 49 (4), 511–560 (1995).
59. Dibbern, H.C., Olesen, P., Rostrup-Nielsen, J.R., Tottrup, P.B., and Udengaard, N.R.,
“Make low H 2 /CO syngas using sulfur passivated reforming,” Hydrocarbon Processing,
65 (1), 71–74 (1986).
101
Steam Gasification and Reforming Technologies
derived from various biomass,” Energy & Fuels, 17 (6), 1456–1463 (2003).
42. Hu, G., xu, S., Li, S., xiao, C., and Liu, S., “Steam gasification of apricot stones with
olivine and dolomite as downstream catalysts,” Fuel Processing Technology, 87 (5),
375–382 (2006).
43. Sutton, D., Kelleher, B., and Ross, J., “Review of literature on catalysts for biomass
gasification,” Fuel Processing Technology, 73, 155–173 (2001).
44. Aznar, M.P., Delgado, J., Corella, J., and Aragues, J.L., “Fuel and useful gas by steam
gasification of biomass in fluidized bed with downstream methane and steam reforming:
New results,” in Grassi, G., Collina, A., and Zibetta, H. (eds.), Biomass for Industry,
Energy and Environment: 6th EC Conference, Elsevier Applied Science, New York,
707–713 (1992).
45. Aznar, M.P., Corella, J., Delgado, J., and Lahoz, J., “Improved steam gasification of
lignocellulosic residues in a fluidized bed with commercial steam reforming catalysts,”
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 32 (1), 1–10 (1993).
46. Aznar, M.P., Caballero, M.A., Gil, J., Marte, J.A., and Corella, J., “Commercial steam
reforming catalysts to improve biomass gasification with steam/oxygen mixtures.
2. Catalytic tar removal,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 37 (97),
2668–2680 (1998).
47. xu, G., Murakami, T., Suda, T., Kusama, S., and Fujimori, T., “Distinctive effects of CaO
additive on atmospheric gasification of biomass at different temperatures,” Industrial &
Engineering Chemistry Research, 44 (15), 5864–5868 (2005).
48. Lee, W.J., “Catalytic activity of alkali and transition metal salt mixtures for steam-char
gasification,” Fuel, 74 (9), 1387–1393 (1995).
49. Lee W., Nam, S., Kim, S., Lee, K., and Choi, C., “The effect of Na 2 CO 3 on the catalytic
gasification of rice straw over nickel catalysts supported on Kieselguhr Seung,” Korean
Journal of Chemical Engineering, 17 (2), 174–178 (2000).
50. Simell, P., Stahlberg, P., Solantausta, Y., Hepola, J., and Kurkela, E., “Gasification
gas cleaning with nickel monolith catalysts,” in Bridgewater, A. and Boocock, D.G.
(eds.), Development of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion. Blackie Academic &
Professional, Glasgow, 1103–1116 (1997).
51. Simell, P., Leppalahti, J., and Bredenberg, J., “Catalytic purification of tarry fuel gas
with carbonate rocks and ferrous materials,” Fuel, 71, 211–218 (1992).
52. Simell, P., Leppalahti, J., and Kurkela, E., “Tar decomposition activity of carbonate
rocks under high CO 2 pressure,” Fuel, 74 (6), 938–945 (1995).
53. Olivares, A., Aznar, M.P., Caballero, M.A., Gill, J., Franes, E., and Corella, J., “Biomass
gasification: Produced gas upgrading by in-bed use of dolomite,” Industrial & Engineering
Chemistry Research, 36, 5220–5226 (1997).
54. Rapagna, S., Jand, N., Kiennemann, A., and Foscolo, P., “Steam gasification of biomass
in a fluidized bed of olivine particles,” Biomass & Bioenergy, 19, 187–197 (2000).
55. Ciferno, J. and Marano, J., “Benchmarking biomass gasification technologies for fuels,
chemicals and hydrogen production,” DOE Report by National Energy Technology
Laboratory, Washington, DC (2002).
56. Kumar, A., Jones, D., and Hanna, M., “Thermochemical biomass gasification: A review
of the current status of the technology,” Energies, 2, 556–581 (2009).
57. Shah, Y.T. and Gardner, T., “Dry reforming of hydrocarbons,” Catalysis Reviews Science
and Engineering (in press).
58. York, P.E., xiao, T.C., Green, M.L.H., and Claridge, J.B., “Methane oxyforming for
synthesis gas production,” Catalysis Reviews, 49 (4), 511–560 (1995).
59. Dibbern, H.C., Olesen, P., Rostrup-Nielsen, J.R., Tottrup, P.B., and Udengaard, N.R.,
“Make low H 2 /CO syngas using sulfur passivated reforming,” Hydrocarbon Processing,
65 (1), 71–74 (1986).
101
Steam Gasification and Reforming Technologies