31
2
from pigs, geese and butter. Important fatty
acids of grease are oleic, palmitic and stearic
acid (. Table 2.3).
5 Tallow is a solid, granular fat mass that is
usually less suitable for human consumption. For this reason, tallow is also relatively
inexpensive. The most important representatives of tallow are beef tallow and mutton
tallow. They also contain odd C number fatty
acids, e.g. margaric acid (C17:0), trans-fatty
acids such as elaidic acid (. Table 2.2) and
branched fatty acids. Triglycerides of oleic,
palmitic and stearic acid also dominate in
beef tallow - as in grease.
2.2.11 Other Fats and Oils
Since a textbook has only a very limited scope, we
hereby end the description of the most important
oil plants. Poppy, peanut, cottonseed and walnut oils, sandalwood and pumpkin seed oils and
many others are therefore not explained here.
Hemp oil will be presented in 7 Chap. 7. Altogether, there are about 1400 species of oil plants,
of which about 20 are commercially cultivated.
At the end of this chapter, however, we will take a
look at some important fats of animal origin:
5 Grease is a collective term for spreadable
animal fats. Typical representatives are grease
2.2 · Overview of Important Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats
BOX: The Healthy Eskimo
Fish oils are obtained
from herring fish or from
fish processing waste.
Characteristic for fish oils
is the very high content of
polyunsaturated fatty acids,
PUFA, with four to six C=C
double bonds, e.g. arachidonic
acid (. Table 2.2). These
have a special nutritional
significance for humans:
They have a beneficial effect
on the prevention and
treatment of arteriosclerosis
and cardiovascular diseases.
This effect has been found
in the Eskimo people, which,
despite their very high caloric
and high-fat diet, including
fish, are hardly prone to heart
disease.
2.3 Some Numbers
The worldwide production of fats and oils has
increased enormously in recent decades, especially for the production of food fats. The development in the last four decades shows . Fig. 2.17:
The total consumption of fats and oils has
increased from 41 million tons in 1970 to about
200 million tons in the market year 2014/15 and
has thus increased fivefold during this time! Similar growth rates are also expected in the future.
. Figure 2.18 shows once again in more detail
how the world production increases for the individual oils have developed over the last decade.
For a long time, soybean oil was the most important oil worldwide; in the meantime, it has been
overtaken by palm oil due to constantly new oil
palm plantations in the Asian region. The order of
the most important oils today is therefore: Palm
oil > Soybean oil > Rapeseed oil > Sunflower oil >
Tallow > Palm kernel oil > Coconut oil.
A brief look at the average oil prices in
Europe for the four most important oils in June
2017 (source: 7 www.oilworld.biz):
5 Palm oil 0.69–0.72 $ kg −1
5 Soybean oil 0.67–0.82 $ kg −1
5 Sunflower oil 0.72–0.78 $ kg −1
5 Rapeseed oil 0.83 $ kg −1 .
Finally, some statistical data from the “Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe” on the special situation of fats and oils in Germany is presented:
5 In 2013, 1.2 million tons of fats and oils were
used (Table 1.3).
5 These 1.2 million tons are divided into almost
20% animal fats and 80% vegetable oils, in
particular rapeseed oil, linseed oil, sunflower
oil, palm oil, soybean oil, coconut oil and
castor oil.
5 The domestic industrial plants were
cultivated on 153,000 ha of arable land.
These include rape (140,000 ha), sunflower (9000 ha) and linseed oil (3500 ha).
Please note that the field of energy crops
is not included in these figures: Rape is
still being planted on a further 616,000 ha
in Germany to produce biodiesel
(7 Chap. 20).
2
from pigs, geese and butter. Important fatty
acids of grease are oleic, palmitic and stearic
acid (. Table 2.3).
5 Tallow is a solid, granular fat mass that is
usually less suitable for human consumption. For this reason, tallow is also relatively
inexpensive. The most important representatives of tallow are beef tallow and mutton
tallow. They also contain odd C number fatty
acids, e.g. margaric acid (C17:0), trans-fatty
acids such as elaidic acid (. Table 2.2) and
branched fatty acids. Triglycerides of oleic,
palmitic and stearic acid also dominate in
beef tallow - as in grease.
2.2.11 Other Fats and Oils
Since a textbook has only a very limited scope, we
hereby end the description of the most important
oil plants. Poppy, peanut, cottonseed and walnut oils, sandalwood and pumpkin seed oils and
many others are therefore not explained here.
Hemp oil will be presented in 7 Chap. 7. Altogether, there are about 1400 species of oil plants,
of which about 20 are commercially cultivated.
At the end of this chapter, however, we will take a
look at some important fats of animal origin:
5 Grease is a collective term for spreadable
animal fats. Typical representatives are grease
2.2 · Overview of Important Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats
BOX: The Healthy Eskimo
Fish oils are obtained
from herring fish or from
fish processing waste.
Characteristic for fish oils
is the very high content of
polyunsaturated fatty acids,
PUFA, with four to six C=C
double bonds, e.g. arachidonic
acid (. Table 2.2). These
have a special nutritional
significance for humans:
They have a beneficial effect
on the prevention and
treatment of arteriosclerosis
and cardiovascular diseases.
This effect has been found
in the Eskimo people, which,
despite their very high caloric
and high-fat diet, including
fish, are hardly prone to heart
disease.
2.3 Some Numbers
The worldwide production of fats and oils has
increased enormously in recent decades, especially for the production of food fats. The development in the last four decades shows . Fig. 2.17:
The total consumption of fats and oils has
increased from 41 million tons in 1970 to about
200 million tons in the market year 2014/15 and
has thus increased fivefold during this time! Similar growth rates are also expected in the future.
. Figure 2.18 shows once again in more detail
how the world production increases for the individual oils have developed over the last decade.
For a long time, soybean oil was the most important oil worldwide; in the meantime, it has been
overtaken by palm oil due to constantly new oil
palm plantations in the Asian region. The order of
the most important oils today is therefore: Palm
oil > Soybean oil > Rapeseed oil > Sunflower oil >
Tallow > Palm kernel oil > Coconut oil.
A brief look at the average oil prices in
Europe for the four most important oils in June
2017 (source: 7 www.oilworld.biz):
5 Palm oil 0.69–0.72 $ kg −1
5 Soybean oil 0.67–0.82 $ kg −1
5 Sunflower oil 0.72–0.78 $ kg −1
5 Rapeseed oil 0.83 $ kg −1 .
Finally, some statistical data from the “Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe” on the special situation of fats and oils in Germany is presented:
5 In 2013, 1.2 million tons of fats and oils were
used (Table 1.3).
5 These 1.2 million tons are divided into almost
20% animal fats and 80% vegetable oils, in
particular rapeseed oil, linseed oil, sunflower
oil, palm oil, soybean oil, coconut oil and
castor oil.
5 The domestic industrial plants were
cultivated on 153,000 ha of arable land.
These include rape (140,000 ha), sunflower (9000 ha) and linseed oil (3500 ha).
Please note that the field of energy crops
is not included in these figures: Rape is
still being planted on a further 616,000 ha
in Germany to produce biodiesel
(7 Chap. 20).