14. Frank J (1975) Averaging of low exposure electron micrographs of non-periodic objects.
Ultramicroscopy 1:159–162
15. Frank J, Al-Ali L (1975) Signal-to-noise ratio of electron micrographs obtained by cross
correlation. Nature 256:376–379
16. Saxton WO, Frank J (1977) Motif detection in quantum noise-limited electron micrographs
by cross-correlation. Ultramicroscopy 2:219–227
17. Henderson R, Baldwin JM, Ceska TA, Zemlin F, Beckmann E, Downing KH (1990) Model
for the structure of bacteriorhodopsin based on high-resolution electron cryo-microscopy.
J Mol Biol 213:899–929
18. Khoshouei M, Radjainia M, Baumeister W, Danev R (2017) Cryo-EM structure of
haemoglobin at 3.2 A determined with the Volta phase plate. Nat Commun 8:16099
19. Henderson R (1995) The potential and limitations of neutrons, electrons and X-rays for
atomic resolution microscopy of unstained biological molecules. Q Rev Biophys 28:
171–193
20. Yu X, Jin L, Zhou ZH (2008) 3.88 Å structure of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus by
cryo-electron microscopy. Nature 453:415–419
21. Zhang X, Sun S, Xiang Y, Wong J, Klose T, Raoult D, Rossmann MG (2012) Structure of
Sputnik, a virophage, at 3.5 Å resolution. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 109:18431–18436
22. Chen DH, Baker ML, Hryc CF, DiMaio F, Jakana J, Wu W, Dougherty M, Haase-Pettingell
C, Schmid MF, Jiang W, Baker D, King JA, Chiu W (2011) Structural basis for
scaffolding-mediated assembly and maturation of a dsDNA virus. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA
108:1355–1360
23. Dubochet J, Adrian M, Chang JJ, Homo JC, Lepault J, McDowall AW, Schultz P (1988)
Cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified specimens. Q Rev Biophys 21:129–228
24. Passmore LA, Russo CJ (2016) Specimen preparation for high-resolution cryo-EM. Methods
Enzymol 579:51–86
25. Russo CJ, Passmore LA (2016) Progress towards an optimal specimen support for electron
cryomicroscopy. Curr Opin Struct Biol 37:81–89
26. Li X, Mooney P, Zheng S, Booth CR, Braunfeld MB, Gubbens S, Agard DA, Cheng Y
(2013) Electron counting and beam-induced motion correction enable near-atomic-resolution
single-particle cryo-EM. Nat Methods 10:584–590
27. McMullan G, Clark AT, Turchetta R, Faruqi AR (2009) Enhanced imaging in low dose
electron microscopy using electron counting. Ultramicroscopy 109:1411–1416
28. Zheng SQ, Palovcak E, Armache JP, Verba KA, Cheng Y, Agard DA (2017) MotionCor2:
anisotropic correction of beam-induced motion for improved cryo-electron microscopy. Nat
Methods 14:331–332
29. Abrishami V, Vargas J, Li X, Cheng Y, Marabini R, Sorzano CO, Carazo JM (2015)
Alignment of direct detection device micrographs using a robust optical flow approach.
J Struct Biol 189:163–176
30. de la Rosa-Trevin JM, Oton J, Marabini R, Zaldivar A, Vargas J, Carazo JM, Sorzano CO
(2013) Xmipp 3.0: an improved software suite for image processing in electron microscopy.
J Struct Biol 184:321–328
31. Brilot AF, Chen JZ, Cheng A, Pan J, Harrison SC, Potter CS, Carragher B, Henderson R,
Grigorieff N (2012) Beam-induced motion of vitrified specimen on holey carbon film.
J Struct Biol 177:630–637
32. Campbell MG, Cheng A, Brilot AF, Moeller A, Lyumkis D, Veesler D, Pan J, Harrison SC,
Potter CS, Carragher B, Grigorieff N (2012) Movies of ice-embedded particles enhance
resolution in electron cryo-microscopy. Structure 20:1823–1828
33. Russo CJ, Passmore LA (2014) Electron microscopy: ultrastable gold substrates for electron
cryomicroscopy. Science 346:1377–1380
34. Russo CJ, Passmore LA (2014) Controlling protein adsorption on graphene for cryo-EM
using low-energy hydrogen plasmas. Nat Methods 11:649–652
396
R. Natesh
Ultramicroscopy 1:159–162
15. Frank J, Al-Ali L (1975) Signal-to-noise ratio of electron micrographs obtained by cross
correlation. Nature 256:376–379
16. Saxton WO, Frank J (1977) Motif detection in quantum noise-limited electron micrographs
by cross-correlation. Ultramicroscopy 2:219–227
17. Henderson R, Baldwin JM, Ceska TA, Zemlin F, Beckmann E, Downing KH (1990) Model
for the structure of bacteriorhodopsin based on high-resolution electron cryo-microscopy.
J Mol Biol 213:899–929
18. Khoshouei M, Radjainia M, Baumeister W, Danev R (2017) Cryo-EM structure of
haemoglobin at 3.2 A determined with the Volta phase plate. Nat Commun 8:16099
19. Henderson R (1995) The potential and limitations of neutrons, electrons and X-rays for
atomic resolution microscopy of unstained biological molecules. Q Rev Biophys 28:
171–193
20. Yu X, Jin L, Zhou ZH (2008) 3.88 Å structure of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus by
cryo-electron microscopy. Nature 453:415–419
21. Zhang X, Sun S, Xiang Y, Wong J, Klose T, Raoult D, Rossmann MG (2012) Structure of
Sputnik, a virophage, at 3.5 Å resolution. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 109:18431–18436
22. Chen DH, Baker ML, Hryc CF, DiMaio F, Jakana J, Wu W, Dougherty M, Haase-Pettingell
C, Schmid MF, Jiang W, Baker D, King JA, Chiu W (2011) Structural basis for
scaffolding-mediated assembly and maturation of a dsDNA virus. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA
108:1355–1360
23. Dubochet J, Adrian M, Chang JJ, Homo JC, Lepault J, McDowall AW, Schultz P (1988)
Cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified specimens. Q Rev Biophys 21:129–228
24. Passmore LA, Russo CJ (2016) Specimen preparation for high-resolution cryo-EM. Methods
Enzymol 579:51–86
25. Russo CJ, Passmore LA (2016) Progress towards an optimal specimen support for electron
cryomicroscopy. Curr Opin Struct Biol 37:81–89
26. Li X, Mooney P, Zheng S, Booth CR, Braunfeld MB, Gubbens S, Agard DA, Cheng Y
(2013) Electron counting and beam-induced motion correction enable near-atomic-resolution
single-particle cryo-EM. Nat Methods 10:584–590
27. McMullan G, Clark AT, Turchetta R, Faruqi AR (2009) Enhanced imaging in low dose
electron microscopy using electron counting. Ultramicroscopy 109:1411–1416
28. Zheng SQ, Palovcak E, Armache JP, Verba KA, Cheng Y, Agard DA (2017) MotionCor2:
anisotropic correction of beam-induced motion for improved cryo-electron microscopy. Nat
Methods 14:331–332
29. Abrishami V, Vargas J, Li X, Cheng Y, Marabini R, Sorzano CO, Carazo JM (2015)
Alignment of direct detection device micrographs using a robust optical flow approach.
J Struct Biol 189:163–176
30. de la Rosa-Trevin JM, Oton J, Marabini R, Zaldivar A, Vargas J, Carazo JM, Sorzano CO
(2013) Xmipp 3.0: an improved software suite for image processing in electron microscopy.
J Struct Biol 184:321–328
31. Brilot AF, Chen JZ, Cheng A, Pan J, Harrison SC, Potter CS, Carragher B, Henderson R,
Grigorieff N (2012) Beam-induced motion of vitrified specimen on holey carbon film.
J Struct Biol 177:630–637
32. Campbell MG, Cheng A, Brilot AF, Moeller A, Lyumkis D, Veesler D, Pan J, Harrison SC,
Potter CS, Carragher B, Grigorieff N (2012) Movies of ice-embedded particles enhance
resolution in electron cryo-microscopy. Structure 20:1823–1828
33. Russo CJ, Passmore LA (2014) Electron microscopy: ultrastable gold substrates for electron
cryomicroscopy. Science 346:1377–1380
34. Russo CJ, Passmore LA (2014) Controlling protein adsorption on graphene for cryo-EM
using low-energy hydrogen plasmas. Nat Methods 11:649–652
396
R. Natesh